relig_income
#> # A tibble: 18 x 11
#>    religion `<$10k` `$10-20k` `$20-30k` `$30-40k` `$40-50k` `$50-75k` `$75-100k`
#>    <chr>      <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>      <dbl>
#>  1 Agnostic      27        34        60        81        76       137        122
#>  2 Atheist       12        27        37        52        35        70         73
#>  3 Buddhist      27        21        30        34        33        58         62
#>  4 Catholic     418       617       732       670       638      1116        949
#>  5 Don’t k…      15        14        15        11        10        35         21
#>  6 Evangel…     575       869      1064       982       881      1486        949
#>  7 Hindu          1         9         7         9        11        34         47
#>  8 Histori…     228       244       236       238       197       223        131
#>  9 Jehovah…      20        27        24        24        21        30         15
#> 10 Jewish        19        19        25        25        30        95         69

把除了religion以外的列变量拉长，变成新的income列，其值变成count列

relig_income %>%
  pivot_longer(-religion, names_to = "income", values_to = "count")

结果如下

#> # A tibble: 180 x 3
#>    religion income             count
#>    <chr>    <chr>              <dbl>
#>  1 Agnostic <$10k                 27
#>  2 Agnostic $10-20k               34
#>  3 Agnostic $20-30k               60
#>  4 Agnostic $30-40k               81
#>  5 Agnostic $40-50k               76
#>  6 Agnostic $50-75k              137
#>  7 Agnostic $75-100k             122
#>  8 Agnostic $100-150k            109
#>  9 Agnostic >150k                 84
#> 10 Agnostic Don't know/refused    96