func (constantFolderVisitor) VisitPost(expr Expr) (retExpr Expr) {
	defer func() {
		// go/constant operations can panic for a number of reasons (like division
		// by zero), but it's difficult to preemptively detect when they will. It's
		// safest to just recover here without folding the expression and let
		// normalization or evaluation deal with error handling.
		if r := recover(); r != nil {
			retExpr = expr
		}
	}()
	switch t := expr.(type) {
	case *ParenExpr:
		if cv, ok := t.Expr.(*NumVal); ok {
			return cv
		}
	case *UnaryExpr:
		if cv, ok := t.Expr.(*NumVal); ok {
			if token, ok := unaryOpToToken[t.Operator]; ok {
				return &NumVal{Value: constant.UnaryOp(token, cv.Value, 0)}
			}
			if token, ok := unaryOpToTokenIntOnly[t.Operator]; ok {
				if intVal, ok := cv.asConstantInt(); ok {
					return &NumVal{Value: constant.UnaryOp(token, intVal, 0)}
				}
			}
		}
	case *BinaryExpr:
		l, okL := t.Left.(*NumVal)
		r, okR := t.Right.(*NumVal)
		if okL && okR {
			if token, ok := binaryOpToToken[t.Operator]; ok {
				return &NumVal{Value: constant.BinaryOp(l.Value, token, r.Value)}
			}
			if token, ok := binaryOpToTokenIntOnly[t.Operator]; ok {
				if lInt, ok := l.asConstantInt(); ok {
					if rInt, ok := r.asConstantInt(); ok {
						return &NumVal{Value: constant.BinaryOp(lInt, token, rInt)}
					}
				}
			}
			if token, ok := binaryShiftOpToToken[t.Operator]; ok {
				if lInt, ok := l.asConstantInt(); ok {
					if rInt64, err := r.asInt64(); err == nil && rInt64 >= 0 {
						return &NumVal{Value: constant.Shift(lInt, token, uint(rInt64))}
					}
				}
			}
		}
	case *ComparisonExpr:
		l, okL := t.Left.(*NumVal)
		r, okR := t.Right.(*NumVal)
		if okL && okR {
			if token, ok := comparisonOpToToken[t.Operator]; ok {
				return MakeDBool(DBool(constant.Compare(l.Value, token, r.Value)))
			}
		}
	}
	return expr
}

// valString returns the string representation for the value v.
// Setting floatFmt forces an integer value to be formatted in
// normalized floating-point format.
// TODO(gri) Move this code into package exact.
func valString(v exact.Value, floatFmt bool) string {
	switch v.Kind() {
	case exact.Int:
		if floatFmt {
			return floatString(v)
		}
	case exact.Float:
		return floatString(v)
	case exact.Complex:
		re := exact.Real(v)
		im := exact.Imag(v)
		var s string
		if exact.Sign(re) != 0 {
			s = floatString(re)
			if exact.Sign(im) >= 0 {
				s += " + "
			} else {
				s += " - "
				im = exact.UnaryOp(token.SUB, im, 0) // negate im
			}
		}
		// im != 0, otherwise v would be exact.Int or exact.Float
		return s + floatString(im) + "i"
	}
	return v.String()
}

// The unary expression e may be nil. It's passed in for better error messages only.
func (check *Checker) unary(x *operand, e *ast.UnaryExpr, op token.Token) {
	switch op {
	case token.AND:
		// spec: "As an exception to the addressability
		// requirement x may also be a composite literal."
		if _, ok := unparen(x.expr).(*ast.CompositeLit); !ok && x.mode != variable {
			check.invalidOp(x.pos(), "cannot take address of %s", x)
			x.mode = invalid
			return
		}
		x.mode = value
		x.typ = &Pointer{base: x.typ}
		return

	case token.ARROW:
		typ, ok := x.typ.Underlying().(*Chan)
		if !ok {
			check.invalidOp(x.pos(), "cannot receive from non-channel %s", x)
			x.mode = invalid
			return
		}
		if typ.dir == SendOnly {
			check.invalidOp(x.pos(), "cannot receive from send-only channel %s", x)
			x.mode = invalid
			return
		}
		x.mode = commaok
		x.typ = typ.elem
		check.hasCallOrRecv = true
		return
	}

	if !check.op(unaryOpPredicates, x, op) {
		x.mode = invalid
		return
	}

	if x.mode == constant_ {
		typ := x.typ.Underlying().(*Basic)
		var prec uint
		if isUnsigned(typ) {
			prec = uint(check.conf.sizeof(typ) * 8)
		}
		x.val = constant.UnaryOp(op, x.val, prec)
		// Typed constants must be representable in
		// their type after each constant operation.
		if isTyped(typ) {
			if e != nil {
				x.expr = e // for better error message
			}
			check.representable(x, typ)
		}
		return
	}

	x.mode = value
	// x.typ remains unchanged
}

func constantUnaryOp(op token.Token, y constant.Value) (r constant.Value, err error) {
	defer func() {
		if ierr := recover(); ierr != nil {
			err = fmt.Errorf("%v", ierr)
		}
	}()
	r = constant.UnaryOp(op, y, 0)
	return
}

func (p *importer) fraction() constant.Value {
	sign := p.int()
	if sign == 0 {
		return constant.MakeInt64(0)
	}

	x := constant.BinaryOp(p.ufloat(), token.QUO, p.ufloat())
	if sign < 0 {
		x = constant.UnaryOp(token.SUB, x, 0)
	}
	return x
}

func (p *importer) float() constant.Value {
	sign := p.int()
	if sign == 0 {
		return constant.MakeInt64(0)
	}

	exp := p.int()
	mant := []byte(p.string()) // big endian

	// remove leading 0's if any
	for len(mant) > 0 && mant[0] == 0 {
		mant = mant[1:]
	}

	// convert to little endian
	// TODO(gri) go/constant should have a more direct conversion function
	//           (e.g., once it supports a big.Float based implementation)
	for i, j := 0, len(mant)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
		mant[i], mant[j] = mant[j], mant[i]
	}

	// adjust exponent (constant.MakeFromBytes creates an integer value,
	// but mant represents the mantissa bits such that 0.5 <= mant < 1.0)
	exp -= len(mant) << 3
	if len(mant) > 0 {
		for msd := mant[len(mant)-1]; msd&0x80 == 0; msd <<= 1 {
			exp++
		}
	}

	x := constant.MakeFromBytes(mant)
	switch {
	case exp < 0:
		d := constant.Shift(constant.MakeInt64(1), token.SHL, uint(-exp))
		x = constant.BinaryOp(x, token.QUO, d)
	case exp > 0:
		x = constant.Shift(x, token.SHL, uint(exp))
	}

	if sign < 0 {
		x = constant.UnaryOp(token.SUB, x, 0)
	}
	return x
}

func (constantFolderVisitor) VisitPost(expr Expr) (retExpr Expr) {
	defer func() {
		// go/constant operations can panic for a number of reasons (like division
		// by zero), but it's difficult to preemptively detect when they will. It's
		// safest to just recover here without folding the expression and let
		// normalization or evaluation deal with error handling.
		if r := recover(); r != nil {
			retExpr = expr
		}
	}()
	switch t := expr.(type) {
	case *ParenExpr:
		switch cv := t.Expr.(type) {
		case *NumVal, *StrVal:
			return cv
		}
	case *UnaryExpr:
		switch cv := t.Expr.(type) {
		case *NumVal:
			if token, ok := unaryOpToToken[t.Operator]; ok {
				return &NumVal{Value: constant.UnaryOp(token, cv.Value, 0)}
			}
			if token, ok := unaryOpToTokenIntOnly[t.Operator]; ok {
				if intVal, ok := cv.asConstantInt(); ok {
					return &NumVal{Value: constant.UnaryOp(token, intVal, 0)}
				}
			}
		}
	case *BinaryExpr:
		switch l := t.Left.(type) {
		case *NumVal:
			if r, ok := t.Right.(*NumVal); ok {
				if token, ok := binaryOpToToken[t.Operator]; ok {
					return &NumVal{Value: constant.BinaryOp(l.Value, token, r.Value)}
				}
				if token, ok := binaryOpToTokenIntOnly[t.Operator]; ok {
					if lInt, ok := l.asConstantInt(); ok {
						if rInt, ok := r.asConstantInt(); ok {
							return &NumVal{Value: constant.BinaryOp(lInt, token, rInt)}
						}
					}
				}
				if token, ok := binaryShiftOpToToken[t.Operator]; ok {
					if lInt, ok := l.asConstantInt(); ok {
						if rInt64, err := r.asInt64(); err == nil && rInt64 >= 0 {
							return &NumVal{Value: constant.Shift(lInt, token, uint(rInt64))}
						}
					}
				}
			}
		case *StrVal:
			if r, ok := t.Right.(*StrVal); ok {
				switch t.Operator {
				case Concat:
					// When folding string-like constants, if either was byte-escaped,
					// the result is also considered byte escaped.
					return &StrVal{s: l.s + r.s, bytesEsc: l.bytesEsc || r.bytesEsc}
				}
			}
		}
	case *ComparisonExpr:
		switch l := t.Left.(type) {
		case *NumVal:
			if r, ok := t.Right.(*NumVal); ok {
				if token, ok := comparisonOpToToken[t.Operator]; ok {
					return MakeDBool(DBool(constant.Compare(l.Value, token, r.Value)))
				}
			}
		case *StrVal:
			// ComparisonExpr folding for String-like constants is not significantly different
			// from constant evalutation during normalization (because both should be exact,
			// unlike numeric comparisons). Still, folding these comparisons when possible here
			// can reduce the amount of work performed during type checking, can reduce necessary
			// allocations, and maintains symmetry with numeric constants.
			if r, ok := t.Right.(*StrVal); ok {
				switch t.Operator {
				case EQ:
					return MakeDBool(DBool(l.s == r.s))
				case NE:
					return MakeDBool(DBool(l.s != r.s))
				case LT:
					return MakeDBool(DBool(l.s < r.s))
				case LE:
					return MakeDBool(DBool(l.s <= r.s))
				case GT:
					return MakeDBool(DBool(l.s > r.s))
				case GE:
					return MakeDBool(DBool(l.s >= r.s))
				}
			}
		}
	}
	return expr
}