func (p *exporter) value(x constant.Value) {
	if trace {
		p.tracef("value { ")
		defer p.tracef("} ")
	}

	switch kind := x.Kind(); kind {
	case constant.Bool:
		tag := falseTag
		if constant.BoolVal(x) {
			tag = trueTag
		}
		p.int(tag)
	case constant.Int:
		if i, ok := constant.Int64Val(x); ok {
			p.int(int64Tag)
			p.int64(i)
			return
		}
		p.int(floatTag)
		p.float(x)
	case constant.Float:
		p.int(fractionTag)
		p.fraction(x)
	case constant.Complex:
		p.int(complexTag)
		p.fraction(constant.Real(x))
		p.fraction(constant.Imag(x))
	case constant.String:
		p.int(stringTag)
		p.string(constant.StringVal(x))
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected value kind %d", kind))
	}
}

// goVal returns the Go value for val, or nil.
func goVal(val constant.Value) interface{} {
	// val should exist, but be conservative and check
	if val == nil {
		return nil
	}
	// Match implementation restriction of other compilers.
	// gc only checks duplicates for integer, floating-point
	// and string values, so only create Go values for these
	// types.
	switch val.Kind() {
	case constant.Int:
		if x, ok := constant.Int64Val(val); ok {
			return x
		}
		if x, ok := constant.Uint64Val(val); ok {
			return x
		}
	case constant.Float:
		if x, ok := constant.Float64Val(val); ok {
			return x
		}
	case constant.String:
		return constant.StringVal(val)
	}
	return nil
}

// constValString emulates Go 1.6's go/constant.ExactString well enough
// to make the tests pass.  This is just a stopgap until we throw away
// all the *15.go files.
func constValString(v exact.Value) string {
	if v.Kind() == exact.Float {
		f, _ := exact.Float64Val(v)
		return fmt.Sprintf("%g", f)
	}
	return v.String()
}

// valString returns the string representation for the value v.
// Setting floatFmt forces an integer value to be formatted in
// normalized floating-point format.
// TODO(gri) Move this code into package exact.
func valString(v exact.Value, floatFmt bool) string {
	switch v.Kind() {
	case exact.Int:
		if floatFmt {
			return floatString(v)
		}
	case exact.Float:
		return floatString(v)
	case exact.Complex:
		re := exact.Real(v)
		im := exact.Imag(v)
		var s string
		if exact.Sign(re) != 0 {
			s = floatString(re)
			if exact.Sign(im) >= 0 {
				s += " + "
			} else {
				s += " - "
				im = exact.UnaryOp(token.SUB, im, 0) // negate im
			}
		}
		// im != 0, otherwise v would be exact.Int or exact.Float
		return s + floatString(im) + "i"
	}
	return v.String()
}

// Helper function to adjust go1.5 numeric go/constant formatting.
// Can be removed once we give up compatibility with go1.5.
func constValString(v exact.Value) string {
	if v.Kind() == exact.Float {
		// In go1.5, go/constant floating-point values are printed
		// as fractions. Make them appear as floating-point numbers.
		f, _ := exact.Float64Val(v)
		return fmt.Sprintf("%g", f)
	}
	return v.String()
}

func (p *exporter) value(x constant.Value) {
	if trace {
		p.tracef("= ")
	}

	switch x.Kind() {
	case constant.Bool:
		tag := falseTag
		if constant.BoolVal(x) {
			tag = trueTag
		}
		p.tag(tag)

	case constant.Int:
		if v, exact := constant.Int64Val(x); exact {
			// common case: x fits into an int64 - use compact encoding
			p.tag(int64Tag)
			p.int64(v)
			return
		}
		// uncommon case: large x - use float encoding
		// (powers of 2 will be encoded efficiently with exponent)
		p.tag(floatTag)
		p.float(constant.ToFloat(x))

	case constant.Float:
		p.tag(floatTag)
		p.float(x)

	case constant.Complex:
		p.tag(complexTag)
		p.float(constant.Real(x))
		p.float(constant.Imag(x))

	case constant.String:
		p.tag(stringTag)
		p.string(constant.StringVal(x))

	case constant.Unknown:
		// package contains type errors
		p.tag(unknownTag)

	default:
		log.Fatalf("gcimporter: unexpected value %v (%T)", x, x)
	}
}

func newConstant(val constant.Value, mem memoryReadWriter) *Variable {
	v := &Variable{Value: val, mem: mem, loaded: true}
	switch val.Kind() {
	case constant.Int:
		v.Kind = reflect.Int
	case constant.Float:
		v.Kind = reflect.Float64
	case constant.Bool:
		v.Kind = reflect.Bool
	case constant.Complex:
		v.Kind = reflect.Complex128
	case constant.String:
		v.Kind = reflect.String
		v.Len = int64(len(constant.StringVal(val)))
	}
	return v
}

func (p *exporter) float(x constant.Value) {
	if x.Kind() != constant.Float {
		log.Fatalf("gcimporter: unexpected constant %v, want float", x)
	}
	// extract sign (there is no -0)
	sign := constant.Sign(x)
	if sign == 0 {
		// x == 0
		p.int(0)
		return
	}
	// x != 0

	var f big.Float
	if v, exact := constant.Float64Val(x); exact {
		// float64
		f.SetFloat64(v)
	} else if num, denom := constant.Num(x), constant.Denom(x); num.Kind() == constant.Int {
		// TODO(gri): add big.Rat accessor to constant.Value.
		r := valueToRat(num)
		f.SetRat(r.Quo(r, valueToRat(denom)))
	} else {
		// Value too large to represent as a fraction => inaccessible.
		// TODO(gri): add big.Float accessor to constant.Value.
		f.SetFloat64(math.MaxFloat64) // FIXME
	}

	// extract exponent such that 0.5 <= m < 1.0
	var m big.Float
	exp := f.MantExp(&m)

	// extract mantissa as *big.Int
	// - set exponent large enough so mant satisfies mant.IsInt()
	// - get *big.Int from mant
	m.SetMantExp(&m, int(m.MinPrec()))
	mant, acc := m.Int(nil)
	if acc != big.Exact {
		log.Fatalf("gcimporter: internal error")
	}

	p.int(sign)
	p.int(exp)
	p.string(string(mant.Bytes()))
}

func (c *converter) convertConstantValue(v goconstant.Value) constant.Value {
	if v == nil {
		return nil
	}
	if v, ok := c.converted[v]; ok {
		return v.(constant.Value)
	}
	var ret constant.Value
	switch v.Kind() {
	case goconstant.Bool:
		ret = constant.MakeBool(goconstant.BoolVal(v))
	case goconstant.String:
		ret = constant.MakeString(goconstant.StringVal(v))
	case goconstant.Int:
		ret = constant.MakeFromLiteral(v.String(), token.INT, 0)
	case goconstant.Float:
		ret = constant.MakeFromLiteral(v.String(), token.FLOAT, 0)
	case goconstant.Complex:
		ret = constant.MakeFromLiteral(v.String(), token.IMAG, 0)
	}
	c.converted[v] = ret
	return ret
}

func (check *Checker) shift(x, y *operand, e *ast.BinaryExpr, op token.Token) {
	untypedx := isUntyped(x.typ)

	var xval constant.Value
	if x.mode == constant_ {
		xval = constant.ToInt(x.val)
	}

	if isInteger(x.typ) || untypedx && xval != nil && xval.Kind() == constant.Int {
		// The lhs is of integer type or an untyped constant representable
		// as an integer. Nothing to do.
	} else {
		// shift has no chance
		check.invalidOp(x.pos(), "shifted operand %s must be integer", x)
		x.mode = invalid
		return
	}

	// spec: "The right operand in a shift expression must have unsigned
	// integer type or be an untyped constant that can be converted to
	// unsigned integer type."
	switch {
	case isUnsigned(y.typ):
		// nothing to do
	case isUntyped(y.typ):
		check.convertUntyped(y, Typ[UntypedInt])
		if y.mode == invalid {
			x.mode = invalid
			return
		}
	default:
		check.invalidOp(y.pos(), "shift count %s must be unsigned integer", y)
		x.mode = invalid
		return
	}

	if x.mode == constant_ {
		if y.mode == constant_ {
			// rhs must be an integer value
			yval := constant.ToInt(y.val)
			if yval.Kind() != constant.Int {
				check.invalidOp(y.pos(), "shift count %s must be unsigned integer", y)
				x.mode = invalid
				return
			}
			// rhs must be within reasonable bounds
			const shiftBound = 1023 - 1 + 52 // so we can express smallestFloat64
			s, ok := constant.Uint64Val(yval)
			if !ok || s > shiftBound {
				check.invalidOp(y.pos(), "invalid shift count %s", y)
				x.mode = invalid
				return
			}
			// The lhs is representable as an integer but may not be an integer
			// (e.g., 2.0, an untyped float) - this can only happen for untyped
			// non-integer numeric constants. Correct the type so that the shift
			// result is of integer type.
			if !isInteger(x.typ) {
				x.typ = Typ[UntypedInt]
			}
			// x is a constant so xval != nil and it must be of Int kind.
			x.val = constant.Shift(xval, op, uint(s))
			// Typed constants must be representable in
			// their type after each constant operation.
			if isTyped(x.typ) {
				if e != nil {
					x.expr = e // for better error message
				}
				check.representable(x, x.typ.Underlying().(*Basic))
			}
			return
		}

		// non-constant shift with constant lhs
		if untypedx {
			// spec: "If the left operand of a non-constant shift
			// expression is an untyped constant, the type of the
			// constant is what it would be if the shift expression
			// were replaced by its left operand alone.".
			//
			// Delay operand checking until we know the final type
			// by marking the lhs expression as lhs shift operand.
			//
			// Usually (in correct programs), the lhs expression
			// is in the untyped map. However, it is possible to
			// create incorrect programs where the same expression
			// is evaluated twice (via a declaration cycle) such
			// that the lhs expression type is determined in the
			// first round and thus deleted from the map, and then
			// not found in the second round (double insertion of
			// the same expr node still just leads to one entry for
			// that node, and it can only be deleted once).
			// Be cautious and check for presence of entry.
			// Example: var e, f = int(1<<""[f]) // issue 11347
			if info, found := check.untyped[x.expr]; found {
				info.isLhs = true
				check.untyped[x.expr] = info
			}
			// keep x's type
			x.mode = value
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

// representableConst reports whether x can be represented as
// value of the given basic type and for the configuration
// provided (only needed for int/uint sizes).
//
// If rounded != nil, *rounded is set to the rounded value of x for
// representable floating-point and complex values, and to an Int
// value for integer values; it is left alone otherwise.
// It is ok to provide the addressof the first argument for rounded.
func representableConst(x constant.Value, conf *Config, typ *Basic, rounded *constant.Value) bool {
	if x.Kind() == constant.Unknown {
		return true // avoid follow-up errors
	}

	switch {
	case isInteger(typ):
		x := constant.ToInt(x)
		if x.Kind() != constant.Int {
			return false
		}
		if rounded != nil {
			*rounded = x
		}
		if x, ok := constant.Int64Val(x); ok {
			switch typ.kind {
			case Int:
				var s = uint(conf.sizeof(typ)) * 8
				return int64(-1)<<(s-1) <= x && x <= int64(1)<<(s-1)-1
			case Int8:
				const s = 8
				return -1<<(s-1) <= x && x <= 1<<(s-1)-1
			case Int16:
				const s = 16
				return -1<<(s-1) <= x && x <= 1<<(s-1)-1
			case Int32:
				const s = 32
				return -1<<(s-1) <= x && x <= 1<<(s-1)-1
			case Int64, UntypedInt:
				return true
			case Uint, Uintptr:
				if s := uint(conf.sizeof(typ)) * 8; s < 64 {
					return 0 <= x && x <= int64(1)<<s-1
				}
				return 0 <= x
			case Uint8:
				const s = 8
				return 0 <= x && x <= 1<<s-1
			case Uint16:
				const s = 16
				return 0 <= x && x <= 1<<s-1
			case Uint32:
				const s = 32
				return 0 <= x && x <= 1<<s-1
			case Uint64:
				return 0 <= x
			default:
				unreachable()
			}
		}
		// x does not fit into int64
		switch n := constant.BitLen(x); typ.kind {
		case Uint, Uintptr:
			var s = uint(conf.sizeof(typ)) * 8
			return constant.Sign(x) >= 0 && n <= int(s)
		case Uint64:
			return constant.Sign(x) >= 0 && n <= 64
		case UntypedInt:
			return true
		}

	case isFloat(typ):
		x := constant.ToFloat(x)
		if x.Kind() != constant.Float {
			return false
		}
		switch typ.kind {
		case Float32:
			if rounded == nil {
				return fitsFloat32(x)
			}
			r := roundFloat32(x)
			if r != nil {
				*rounded = r
				return true
			}
		case Float64:
			if rounded == nil {
				return fitsFloat64(x)
			}
			r := roundFloat64(x)
			if r != nil {
				*rounded = r
				return true
			}
		case UntypedFloat:
			return true
		default:
			unreachable()
		}

	case isComplex(typ):
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

// representableConst reports whether x can be represented as
// value of the given basic type kind and for the configuration
// provided (only needed for int/uint sizes).
//
// If rounded != nil, *rounded is set to the rounded value of x for
// representable floating-point values; it is left alone otherwise.
// It is ok to provide the addressof the first argument for rounded.
func representableConst(x constant.Value, conf *Config, as BasicKind, rounded *constant.Value) bool {
	switch x.Kind() {
	case constant.Unknown:
		return true

	case constant.Bool:
		return as == Bool || as == UntypedBool

	case constant.Int:
		if x, ok := constant.Int64Val(x); ok {
			switch as {
			case Int:
				var s = uint(conf.sizeof(Typ[as])) * 8
				return int64(-1)<<(s-1) <= x && x <= int64(1)<<(s-1)-1
			case Int8:
				const s = 8
				return -1<<(s-1) <= x && x <= 1<<(s-1)-1
			case Int16:
				const s = 16
				return -1<<(s-1) <= x && x <= 1<<(s-1)-1
			case Int32:
				const s = 32
				return -1<<(s-1) <= x && x <= 1<<(s-1)-1
			case Int64:
				return true
			case Uint, Uintptr:
				if s := uint(conf.sizeof(Typ[as])) * 8; s < 64 {
					return 0 <= x && x <= int64(1)<<s-1
				}
				return 0 <= x
			case Uint8:
				const s = 8
				return 0 <= x && x <= 1<<s-1
			case Uint16:
				const s = 16
				return 0 <= x && x <= 1<<s-1
			case Uint32:
				const s = 32
				return 0 <= x && x <= 1<<s-1
			case Uint64:
				return 0 <= x
			case Float32, Float64, Complex64, Complex128,
				UntypedInt, UntypedFloat, UntypedComplex:
				return true
			}
		}

		n := constant.BitLen(x)
		switch as {
		case Uint, Uintptr:
			var s = uint(conf.sizeof(Typ[as])) * 8
			return constant.Sign(x) >= 0 && n <= int(s)
		case Uint64:
			return constant.Sign(x) >= 0 && n <= 64
		case Float32, Complex64:
			if rounded == nil {
				return fitsFloat32(x)
			}
			r := roundFloat32(x)
			if r != nil {
				*rounded = r
				return true
			}
		case Float64, Complex128:
			if rounded == nil {
				return fitsFloat64(x)
			}
			r := roundFloat64(x)
			if r != nil {
				*rounded = r
				return true
			}
		case UntypedInt, UntypedFloat, UntypedComplex:
			return true
		}

	case constant.Float:
		switch as {
		case Float32, Complex64:
			if rounded == nil {
				return fitsFloat32(x)
			}
			r := roundFloat32(x)
			if r != nil {
				*rounded = r
				return true
			}
		case Float64, Complex128:
			if rounded == nil {
				return fitsFloat64(x)
			}
			r := roundFloat64(x)
			if r != nil {
//.........这里部分代码省略.........