def test_real_imag():
    x, y, z = symbols('x, y, z')
    X, Y, Z = symbols('X, Y, Z', commutative=False)
    a = Symbol('a', real=True)
    assert (2*a*x).as_real_imag() == (2*a*re(x), 2*a*im(x))

    # issue 2296:
    assert (x*x.conjugate()).as_real_imag() == (Abs(x)**2, 0)
    assert im(x*x.conjugate()) == 0
    assert im(x*y.conjugate()*z*y) == im(x*z)*Abs(y)**2
    assert im(x*y.conjugate()*x*y) == im(x**2)*Abs(y)**2
    assert im(Z*y.conjugate()*X*y) == im(Z*X)*Abs(y)**2
    assert im(X*X.conjugate()) == im(X*X.conjugate(), evaluate=False)
    assert (sin(x)*sin(x).conjugate()).as_real_imag() == \
        (Abs(sin(x))**2, 0)

    # issue 3474:
    assert (x**2).as_real_imag() == (re(x)**2 - im(x)**2, 2*re(x)*im(x))

    # issue 3329:
    r = Symbol('r', real=True)
    i = Symbol('i', imaginary=True)
    assert (i*r*x).as_real_imag() == (I*i*r*im(x), -I*i*r*re(x))

    # issue 4007:
    assert ((1 + I)/(1 - I)).as_real_imag() == (0, 1)
    assert ((1 + 2*I)*(1 + 3*I)).as_real_imag() == (-5, 5)

def test_solve_inequalities():
    system = [Lt(x ** 2 - 2, 0), Gt(x ** 2 - 1, 0)]

    assert solve(system) == And(
        Or(And(Lt(-sqrt(2), re(x)), Lt(re(x), -1)), And(Lt(1, re(x)), Lt(re(x), sqrt(2)))), Eq(im(x), 0)
    )
    assert solve(system, assume=Q.real(x)) == Or(And(Lt(-sqrt(2), x), Lt(x, -1)), And(Lt(1, x), Lt(x, sqrt(2))))

def test_messy():
    from sympy import (laplace_transform, Si, Shi, Chi, atan, Piecewise,
                       acoth, E1, besselj, acosh, asin, And, re,
                       fourier_transform, sqrt)
    assert laplace_transform(Si(x), x, s) == ((-atan(s) + pi/2)/s, 0, True)

    assert laplace_transform(Shi(x), x, s) == (acoth(s)/s, 1, True)

    # where should the logs be simplified?
    assert laplace_transform(Chi(x), x, s) == \
        ((log(s**(-2)) - log((s**2 - 1)/s**2))/(2*s), 1, True)

    # TODO maybe simplify the inequalities?
    assert laplace_transform(besselj(a, x), x, s)[1:] == \
        (0, And(S(0) < re(a/2) + S(1)/2, S(0) < re(a/2) + 1))

    # NOTE s < 0 can be done, but argument reduction is not good enough yet
    assert fourier_transform(besselj(1, x)/x, x, s, noconds=False) == \
        (Piecewise((0, 4*abs(pi**2*s**2) > 1),
                   (2*sqrt(-4*pi**2*s**2 + 1), True)), s > 0)
    # TODO FT(besselj(0,x)) - conditions are messy (but for acceptable reasons)
    #                       - folding could be better

    assert integrate(E1(x)*besselj(0, x), (x, 0, oo), meijerg=True) == \
        log(1 + sqrt(2))
    assert integrate(E1(x)*besselj(1, x), (x, 0, oo), meijerg=True) == \
        log(S(1)/2 + sqrt(2)/2)

    assert integrate(1/x/sqrt(1 - x**2), x, meijerg=True) == \
        Piecewise((-acosh(1/x), 1 < abs(x**(-2))), (I*asin(1/x), True))

def test_reduce_poly_inequalities_complex_relational():
    cond = Eq(im(x), 0)

    assert reduce_poly_inequalities(
        [[Eq(x**2, 0)]], x, relational=True) == And(Eq(re(x), 0), cond)
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities(
        [[Le(x**2, 0)]], x, relational=True) == And(Eq(re(x), 0), cond)
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities(
        [[Lt(x**2, 0)]], x, relational=True) is False
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities(
        [[Ge(x**2, 0)]], x, relational=True) == cond
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities([[Gt(x**2, 0)]], x, relational=True) == And(Or(Lt(re(x), 0), Lt(0, re(x))), cond)
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities([[Ne(x**2, 0)]], x, relational=True) == And(Or(Lt(re(x), 0), Lt(0, re(x))), cond)

    assert reduce_poly_inequalities([[Eq(x**2, 1)]], x, relational=True) == And(Or(Eq(re(x), -1), Eq(re(x), 1)), cond)
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities([[Le(x**2, 1)]], x, relational=True) == And(And(Le(-1, re(x)), Le(re(x), 1)), cond)
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities([[Lt(x**2, 1)]], x, relational=True) == And(And(Lt(-1, re(x)), Lt(re(x), 1)), cond)
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities([[Ge(x**2, 1)]], x, relational=True) == And(Or(Le(re(x), -1), Le(1, re(x))), cond)
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities([[Gt(x**2, 1)]], x, relational=True) == And(Or(Lt(re(x), -1), Lt(1, re(x))), cond)
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities([[Ne(x**2, 1)]], x, relational=True) == And(Or(Lt(re(x), -1), And(Lt(-1, re(x)), Lt(re(x), 1)), Lt(1, re(x))), cond)

    assert reduce_poly_inequalities([[Eq(x**2, 1.0)]], x, relational=True).evalf() == And(Or(Eq(re(x), -1.0), Eq(re(x), 1.0)), cond)
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities([[Le(x**2, 1.0)]], x, relational=True) == And(And(Le(-1.0, re(x)), Le(re(x), 1.0)), cond)
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities([[Lt(x**2, 1.0)]], x, relational=True) == And(And(Lt(-1.0, re(x)), Lt(re(x), 1.0)), cond)
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities([[Ge(x**2, 1.0)]], x, relational=True) == And(Or(Le(re(x), -1.0), Le(1.0, re(x))), cond)
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities([[Gt(x**2, 1.0)]], x, relational=True) == And(Or(Lt(re(x), -1.0), Lt(1.0, re(x))), cond)
    assert reduce_poly_inequalities([[Ne(x**2, 1.0)]], x, relational=True) == And(Or(Lt(re(x), -1.0), And(Lt(-1.0, re(x)), Lt(re(x), 1.0)), Lt(1.0, re(x))), cond)

def test_mellin_transform_fail():
    skip("Risch takes forever.")

    from sympy import Max, Min
    MT = mellin_transform

    bpos = symbols('b', positive=True)
    bneg = symbols('b', negative=True)

    expr = (sqrt(x + b**2) + b)**a/sqrt(x + b**2)
    # TODO does not work with bneg, argument wrong. Needs changes to matching.
    assert MT(expr.subs(b, -bpos), x, s) == \
        ((-1)**(a + 1)*2**(a + 2*s)*bpos**(a + 2*s - 1)*gamma(a + s)
         *gamma(1 - a - 2*s)/gamma(1 - s),
            (-re(a), -re(a)/2 + S(1)/2), True)

    expr = (sqrt(x + b**2) + b)**a
    assert MT(expr.subs(b, -bpos), x, s) == \
        (
            2**(a + 2*s)*a*bpos**(a + 2*s)*gamma(-a - 2*
                   s)*gamma(a + s)/gamma(-s + 1),
            (-re(a), -re(a)/2), True)

    # Test exponent 1:
    assert MT(expr.subs({b: -bpos, a: 1}), x, s) == \
        (-bpos**(2*s + 1)*gamma(s)*gamma(-s - S(1)/2)/(2*sqrt(pi)),
            (-1, -S(1)/2), True)

def test_f_expand_complex():
    x = Symbol("x", real=True)

    assert f(x).expand(complex=True) == I * im(f(x)) + re(f(x))
    assert exp(x).expand(complex=True) == exp(x)
    assert exp(I * x).expand(complex=True) == cos(x) + I * sin(x)
    assert exp(z).expand(complex=True) == cos(im(z)) * exp(re(z)) + I * sin(im(z)) * exp(re(z))

def test_as_real_imag():
    n = pi**1000
    # the special code for working out the real
    # and complex parts of a power with Integer exponent
    # should not run if there is no imaginary part, hence
    # this should not hang
    assert n.as_real_imag() == (n, 0)

    # issue 6261
    x = Symbol('x')
    assert sqrt(x).as_real_imag() == \
        ((re(x)**2 + im(x)**2)**(S(1)/4)*cos(atan2(im(x), re(x))/2),
     (re(x)**2 + im(x)**2)**(S(1)/4)*sin(atan2(im(x), re(x))/2))

    # issue 3853
    a, b = symbols('a,b', real=True)
    assert ((1 + sqrt(a + b*I))/2).as_real_imag() == \
           (
               (a**2 + b**2)**Rational(
                   1, 4)*cos(atan2(b, a)/2)/2 + Rational(1, 2),
               (a**2 + b**2)**Rational(1, 4)*sin(atan2(b, a)/2)/2)

    assert sqrt(a**2).as_real_imag() == (sqrt(a**2), 0)
    i = symbols('i', imaginary=True)
    assert sqrt(i**2).as_real_imag() == (0, abs(i))

    def _generic_mul(q1, q2):

        q1 = sympify(q1)
        q2 = sympify(q2)

        # None is a Quaternion:
        if not isinstance(q1, Quaternion) and not isinstance(q2, Quaternion):
            return q1 * q2

        # If q1 is a number or a sympy expression instead of a quaternion
        if not isinstance(q1, Quaternion):
            if q2.real_field:
                if q1.is_complex:
                    return q2 * Quaternion(re(q1), im(q1), 0, 0)
                else:
                    return Mul(q1, q2)
            else:
                return Quaternion(q1 * q2.a, q1 * q2.b, q1 * q2.c, q1 * q2.d)


        # If q2 is a number or a sympy expression instead of a quaternion
        if not isinstance(q2, Quaternion):
            if q1.real_field:
                if q2.is_complex:
                    return q1 * Quaternion(re(q2), im(q2), 0, 0)
                else:
                    return Mul(q1, q2)
            else:
                return Quaternion(q2 * q1.a, q2 * q1.b, q2 * q1.c, q2 * q1.d)

        return Quaternion(-q1.b*q2.b - q1.c*q2.c - q1.d*q2.d + q1.a*q2.a,
                          q1.b*q2.a + q1.c*q2.d - q1.d*q2.c + q1.a*q2.b,
                          -q1.b*q2.d + q1.c*q2.a + q1.d*q2.b + q1.a*q2.c,
                          q1.b*q2.c - q1.c*q2.b + q1.d*q2.a + q1.a * q2.d)

def test_im():
    x, y = symbols('x,y')
    a, b = symbols('a,b', real=True)

    r = Symbol('r', real=True)
    i = Symbol('i', imaginary=True)

    assert im(nan) == nan

    assert im(oo*I) == oo
    assert im(-oo*I) == -oo

    assert im(0) == 0

    assert im(1) == 0
    assert im(-1) == 0

    assert im(E*I) == E
    assert im(-E*I) == -E

    assert im(x) == im(x)
    assert im(x*I) == re(x)
    assert im(r*I) == r
    assert im(r) == 0
    assert im(i*I) == 0
    assert im(i) == -I * i

    assert im(x + y) == im(x + y)
    assert im(x + r) == im(x)
    assert im(x + r*I) == im(x) + r

    assert im(im(x)*I) == im(x)

    assert im(2 + I) == 1
    assert im(x + I) == im(x) + 1

    assert im(x + y*I) == im(x) + re(y)
    assert im(x + r*I) == im(x) + r

    assert im(log(2*I)) == pi/2

    assert im((2 + I)**2).expand(complex=True) == 4

    assert im(conjugate(x)) == -im(x)
    assert conjugate(im(x)) == im(x)

    assert im(x).as_real_imag() == (im(x), 0)

    assert im(i*r*x).diff(r) == im(i*x)
    assert im(i*r*x).diff(i) == -I * re(r*x)

    assert im(
        sqrt(a + b*I)) == (a**2 + b**2)**Rational(1, 4)*sin(atan2(b, a)/2)
    assert im(a * (2 + b*I)) == a*b

    assert im((1 + sqrt(a + b*I))/2) == \
        (a**2 + b**2)**Rational(1, 4)*sin(atan2(b, a)/2)/2

    assert im(x).rewrite(re) == x - re(x)
    assert (x + im(y)).rewrite(im, re) == x + y - re(y)

def horo_image_height(M,z,h):
    # assert linalg.det(M) == 1
    c = get_c(M)
    d = get_d(M)
    if c*z + d != 0 :
        return h / sym.re((c*z + d)*(c*z + d).conjugate())
    else :
        return 1 / sym.re(h * c * c.conjugate())

def test_derivatives_issue1658():
    x = Symbol('x')
    f = Function('f')
    assert re(f(x)).diff(x) == re(f(x).diff(x))
    assert im(f(x)).diff(x) == im(f(x).diff(x))

    x = Symbol('x', real=True)
    assert Abs(f(x)).diff(x).subs(f(x), 1+I*x).doit() == x/sqrt(1 + x**2)
    assert arg(f(x)).diff(x).subs(f(x), 1+I*x**2).doit() == 2*x/(1+x**4)

def dictprint(n,D):
   """
   Prints the tableau format of the
   dictionary representation in D,
   n is the number of variables.
   """
   print len(D), n
   for k in D.keys():
      c = D[k]
      print sp.re(c), sp.im(c), strexp(k)

def test_f_expand_complex():
    f = Function('f')
    x = Symbol('x', real=True)
    z = Symbol('z')

    assert f(x).expand(complex=True)        == I*im(f(x)) + re(f(x))
    assert exp(x).expand(complex=True)      == exp(x)
    assert exp(I*x).expand(complex=True)    == cos(x) + I*sin(x)
    assert exp(z).expand(complex=True)      == cos(im(z))*exp(re(z)) + \
                                             I*sin(im(z))*exp(re(z))

def test_latex_functions():
    assert latex(exp(x)) == "e^{x}"
    assert latex(exp(1)+exp(2)) == "e + e^{2}"

    f = Function('f')
    assert latex(f(x)) == '\\operatorname{f}{\\left (x \\right )}'

    beta = Function('beta')

    assert latex(beta(x)) == r"\beta{\left (x \right )}"
    assert latex(sin(x)) == r"\sin{\left (x \right )}"
    assert latex(sin(x), fold_func_brackets=True) == r"\sin {x}"
    assert latex(sin(2*x**2), fold_func_brackets=True) == \
    r"\sin {2 x^{2}}"
    assert latex(sin(x**2), fold_func_brackets=True) == \
    r"\sin {x^{2}}"

    assert latex(asin(x)**2) == r"\operatorname{asin}^{2}{\left (x \right )}"
    assert latex(asin(x)**2,inv_trig_style="full") == \
        r"\arcsin^{2}{\left (x \right )}"
    assert latex(asin(x)**2,inv_trig_style="power") == \
        r"\sin^{-1}{\left (x \right )}^{2}"
    assert latex(asin(x**2),inv_trig_style="power",fold_func_brackets=True) == \
        r"\sin^{-1} {x^{2}}"

    assert latex(factorial(k)) == r"k!"
    assert latex(factorial(-k)) == r"\left(- k\right)!"

    assert latex(factorial2(k)) == r"k!!"
    assert latex(factorial2(-k)) == r"\left(- k\right)!!"

    assert latex(binomial(2,k)) == r"{\binom{2}{k}}"

    assert latex(FallingFactorial(3,k)) == r"{\left(3\right)}_{\left(k\right)}"
    assert latex(RisingFactorial(3,k)) == r"{\left(3\right)}^{\left(k\right)}"

    assert latex(floor(x)) == r"\lfloor{x}\rfloor"
    assert latex(ceiling(x)) == r"\lceil{x}\rceil"
    assert latex(Abs(x)) == r"\lvert{x}\rvert"
    assert latex(re(x)) == r"\Re{x}"
    assert latex(re(x+y)) == r"\Re {\left (x + y \right )}"
    assert latex(im(x)) == r"\Im{x}"
    assert latex(conjugate(x)) == r"\overline{x}"
    assert latex(gamma(x)) == r"\Gamma\left(x\right)"
    assert latex(Order(x)) == r"\mathcal{O}\left(x\right)"
    assert latex(lowergamma(x, y)) == r'\gamma\left(x, y\right)'
    assert latex(uppergamma(x, y)) == r'\Gamma\left(x, y\right)'

    assert latex(cot(x)) == r'\cot{\left (x \right )}'
    assert latex(coth(x)) == r'\coth{\left (x \right )}'
    assert latex(re(x)) == r'\Re{x}'
    assert latex(im(x)) == r'\Im{x}'
    assert latex(root(x,y)) == r'x^{\frac{1}{y}}'
    assert latex(arg(x)) == r'\arg{\left (x \right )}'
    assert latex(zeta(x)) == r'\zeta{\left (x \right )}'

def test_derivatives_issue_4757():
    x = Symbol('x', real=True)
    y = Symbol('y', imaginary=True)
    f = Function('f')
    assert re(f(x)).diff(x) == re(f(x).diff(x))
    assert im(f(x)).diff(x) == im(f(x).diff(x))
    assert re(f(y)).diff(y) == -I*im(f(y).diff(y))
    assert im(f(y)).diff(y) == -I*re(f(y).diff(y))
    assert Abs(f(x)).diff(x).subs(f(x), 1 + I*x).doit() == x/sqrt(1 + x**2)
    assert arg(f(x)).diff(x).subs(f(x), 1 + I*x**2).doit() == 2*x/(1 + x**4)
    assert Abs(f(y)).diff(y).subs(f(y), 1 + y).doit() == -y/sqrt(1 - y**2)
    assert arg(f(y)).diff(y).subs(f(y), I + y**2).doit() == 2*y/(1 + y**4)

def _laplace_transform(f, t, s, simplify=True):
    """ The backend function for laplace transforms. """
    from sympy import (re, Max, exp, pi, Abs, Min, periodic_argument as arg,
                       cos, Wild, symbols)
    F = integrate(exp(-s*t) * f, (t, 0, oo))

    if not F.has(Integral):
        return _simplify(F, simplify), -oo, True

    if not F.is_Piecewise:
        raise IntegralTransformError('Laplace', f, 'could not compute integral')

    F, cond = F.args[0]
    if F.has(Integral):
        raise IntegralTransformError('Laplace', f, 'integral in unexpected form')

    a = -oo
    aux = True
    conds = conjuncts(to_cnf(cond))
    u = Dummy('u', real=True)
    p, q, w1, w2, w3 = symbols('p q w1 w2 w3', cls=Wild, exclude=[s])
    for c in conds:
        a_ = oo
        aux_ = []
        for d in disjuncts(c):
            m = d.match(abs(arg((s + w3)**p*q, w1)) < w2)
            if m:
                if m[q] > 0 and m[w2]/m[p] == pi/2:
                    d = re(s + m[w3]) > 0
            m = d.match(0 < cos(abs(arg(s, q)))*abs(s) - p)
            if m:
                d = re(s) > m[p]
            d_ = d.replace(re, lambda x: x.expand().as_real_imag()[0]).subs(re(s), t)
            if not d.is_Relational or (d.rel_op != '<' and d.rel_op != '<=') \
               or d_.has(s) or not d_.has(t):
                aux_ += [d]
                continue
            soln = _solve_inequality(d_, t)
            if not soln.is_Relational or \
               (soln.rel_op != '<' and soln.rel_op != '<='):
                aux_ += [d]
                continue
            if soln.lhs == t:
                raise IntegralTransformError('Laplace', f,
                                     'convergence not in half-plane?')
            else:
                a_ = Min(soln.lhs, a_)
        if a_ != oo:
            a = Max(a_, a)
        else:
            aux = And(aux, Or(*aux_))

    return _simplify(F, simplify), a, aux

def test_map_coeffs():
    p = Poly(x**2 + 2*x*y, x, y)
    q = p.map_coeffs(lambda c: 2*c)

    assert q.as_basic() == 2*x**2 + 4*x*y

    p = Poly(u*x**2 + v*x*y, x, y)
    q = p.map_coeffs(expand, complex=True)

    assert q.as_basic() == x**2*(I*im(u) + re(u)) + x*y*(I*im(v) + re(v))

    raises(PolynomialError, "p.map_coeffs(lambda c: x*c)")

def test_solve_inequalities():
    system = [Lt(x**2 - 2, 0), Gt(x**2 - 1, 0)]

    assert solve(system) == \
        And(Or(And(Lt(-sqrt(2), re(x)), Lt(re(x), -1)),
               And(Lt(1, re(x)), Lt(re(x), sqrt(2)))), Eq(im(x), 0))
    assert solve(system, assume=Q.real(x)) == \
        Or(And(Lt(-sqrt(2), x), Lt(x, -1)), And(Lt(1, x), Lt(x, sqrt(2))))

    # issue 3528, 3448
    assert solve((x - 3)/(x - 2) < 0, x, assume=Q.real(x)) == And(Lt(2, x), Lt(x, 3))
    assert solve(x/(x + 1) > 1, x, assume=Q.real(x)) == Lt(x, -1)

def test_as_real_imag():
    n = pi**1000
    # the special code for working out the real
    # and complex parts of a power with Integer exponent
    # should not run if there is no imaginary part, hence
    # this should not hang
    assert n.as_real_imag() == (n, 0)

    # issue 3162
    x = Symbol('x')
    assert sqrt(x).as_real_imag() == \
    ((re(x)**2 + im(x)**2)**(S(1)/4)*cos(atan2(im(x), re(x))/2), \
     (re(x)**2 + im(x)**2)**(S(1)/4)*sin(atan2(im(x), re(x))/2))

def test_exp_assumptions():
    x = Symbol('x')
    r = Symbol('r', real=True)
    i = Symbol('i', imaginary=True)
    for e in exp, exp_polar:
        assert e(x).is_real is None
        assert e(x).is_imaginary is None
        assert e(i).is_real is None
        assert e(i).is_imaginary is None
        assert e(r).is_real is True
        assert e(r).is_imaginary is False
        assert e(re(x)).is_real is True
        assert e(re(x)).is_imaginary is False