I dug around on the Apple developer forums, and a Apple developer (eskimo1, aka Quinn) states at 2012-08-27 that this is the current behaviour but it's a far as he knows not /documented/ behaviour, so this might change in the future. He also says that deleting shared keychain items is always going to be tricky, which is one of the reasons this it hasn't been addressed yet.
So I guess that this leaves the question open: there is no definitive answer. It is not documented and can change at any point in time. Relying on it MAY cause problems in the future.
UPDATE 2017-04-04:
In iOS 10.3 beta, keychain info for an app is removed when the app is uninstalled, but this behaviour seems to have been removed in the final 10.3 version. At Apple Documentation It is suggested that this is about to change and we should NOT rely on keychain access data being intact after an app uninstallation.
See also iOS 10.3 beta 3 doesn't persist data of KeychainItem.
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