c++ - __cdecl, __stdcall and __fastcall are all called the exact same way?

Question

I am using Visual C++ 2010, and MASM as my x64-Assembler.
This is my C++ code:

// include directive
#include "stdafx.h"
// functions
extern "C" int Asm();
extern "C" int (convention) sum(int x, int y) { return x + y; }
// main function
int main()
{
    // print asm
    printf("Asm returned %d.
", Asm());
    // get char, return
    _getch();
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

And my assembly code:

; external functions
extern sum : proc
; code segment
.code
Asm proc
    ; create shadow space
    sub rsp, 20o
    ; setup parameters
    mov ecx, 10
    mov edx, 15
    ; call
    call sum
    ; clean-up shadow space
    add rsp, 20o
    ; return
    ret
Asm endp
end

The reason I am doing this is so I can learn the different calling conventions. I would make sum's calling convention stdcall, and modify the asm code so it would call sum the "stdcall" way. Once I got that working, I would make it, say, fastcall, and then call it in asm the "fastcall" way.

But look at my assembly code right now. When I use that code, no matter if sum is stdcall, fastcall or cdecl, it will compile, execute fine, and print 25 as my sum.

My question: How, and why can __cdecl, __stdcall and __fastcall all be called the exact same way?

Answer 1

The problem is that you're compiling for x64 targets. From MSDN

Given the expanded register set, x64 just uses the __fastcall calling convention and a RISC-based exception-handling model. The __fastcall model uses registers for the first four arguments and the stack frame to pass the other parameters.

Switch over to compiling for x86 targets, and you should be able to see the various calling conventions in action.