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ruby的数组基本使用,跟c#中的数组比起来,最不习惯的区别在于允许负索引(跟javascript到有几分相似) arr=[3,4,5,6,7,8,9] puts arr[0] # 3 puts arr.first # 3 puts arr[arr.length-1] # 9 puts arr[arr.size-1] # 9 puts arr.last #9 puts arr[-1] #9,下标为-1,即相当于取最后一个元素 puts arr[-2] #8,倒着取第二个数 print arr[1..3] ,"\n" #456,取下标从1到3的元素 print arr[-3,2] ,"\n" #倒数第三个元素开始,连续取2个元素,即7,8 复杂一点的应用如下,这里要特意指出的是,ruby中的数组天生就已经实现了堆栈与队列,这一点想得很周到. #来自"Ruby语言入门教程v1.0"中的E8.1-3.rb arr=[4,5,6] print arr.join(", "),"\n" # 4, 5, 6 arr[4] = "m" #将第5个元素赋值为m print arr.join(", "),"\n" #第4个元素因为没赋值,所以为空,输出结果为4, 5, 6, , m print arr[3] ,"\n" #第4个元素为空,所以输出nil arr.delete_at(3) #删除第4个元素 print arr.join(", "),"\n" #输出 4, 5, 6, m arr[2] = ["a","b","c"] #将第3个元素"6",重新赋值为一维数组[a, b, c] puts arr[0] # 4 puts arr[1] # 5 puts arr[2] # a,b,c 注意:用puts输出时,会自动把每个元素添加\n puts arr[3] # m print arr.join(", "),"\n" # 4, 5, a, b, c, m print arr[2] ,"\n" # abc arr[0..1] = [7,"h","b"] #将前面二个元素4,5换成7,h,b print arr.join(", "),"\n" # 7, h, b, a, b, c, m arr.push("b" ) #将b压入数组尾部 print arr.join(", "),"\n"# 7, h, b, a, b, c, m, b arr.delete(["a","b","c"] ) #删除数组中匹配["a","b","c"]的元素,即arr[2],注意前面的arr[2] = ["a","b","c"] print arr.join(", "),"\n" # 7, h, b, m, b arr.delete("b") #将所有b元素删除 print arr.join(", "),"\n" # 7, h, m arr.insert(2,"d") # 在第3个元素处插入d,如果后面还有元素,则索引后移 print arr.join(", "),"\n" #7, h, d, m arr<<"f"<<2 #将元素f,2加入到数组最后,类似前面的push用法 print arr.join(", "),"\n" # 7, h, d, m, f, 2 arr.pop #弹出一个元素,与前面的push结合起来,ruby中的数组本身就是一个堆栈 print arr.join(", "),"\n" #7, h, d, m, f arr.shift #元素左移一位,即实现了队列 print arr.join(", "),"\n" #h, d, m, f arr.clear #清空元素 print arr.join(", "),"\n" 最后讲一个要注意的地方:array的each与delete一起用时,有时候会出现意想不到的效果! # arr = [1,[2,3],2,3,4,5,6] print arr.join(","),"\n" #1,2,3,2,3,4,5,6 arr.delete([2,3]) print arr.join(","),"\n" #1,2,3,4,5,6 arr.each{|x| arr.delete(x)}; print arr.join(","),"\n" #2,4,6 注意这里:array对象each,delete一起使用时,使用不当会把自身的"部分"元素给删除掉 |
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