Hash类说明
函数名称
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说明
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示例
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==
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判断两个 Hash 是否相等
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h1 = {"a" => 1, "c" => 2}
h2 = { "a" => 1, "c" => 2, 7 => 35 }
h1 == h2 » false
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[ ]
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返回指定键值对应的对象
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h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
h["a"] » 100 h["c"] » nil
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[ ]=
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向 Hash 添加记录
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h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
h["a"] = 9 h["c"] = 4
h » {"a"=>9, "b"=>200, "c"=>4}
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clear
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清空哈希表的内容. 返回 self.
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h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
h.clear » {}
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default
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返回哈希表的默认值
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h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
h.default = "Go fish" h["a"] » 100
h["z"] » "Go fish"
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delete
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从词典中删除和键值相符的记录
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h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 } h.delete("a") » 100 h.delete("z") » nil h.delete("z") { |el| "#{el} not found" }
» "z not found"
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delete_if
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通过过程块来删除特定键值的记录
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h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
h.delete_if {|key, value| key >= "b" }
» {"a"=>100}
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each
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Hash 表的迭代操作,对表的每一个词对 进行迭代操作
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h = { "a" => 100}
h.each {|key, value| print key, " is
",value,"\n"} » a is 100
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each_key
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对表的每一个键对进行迭代操作
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h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
h.each_key {|key| print key } » ab
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each_value
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针对 value 进行迭代操作
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h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
h.each_value {|value| print value }
» 100200
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empty?
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判断哈希表是否为空,空则返回 true
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{}.empty? » true
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fetch
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如果能找到键值为 key 的 hash 值,则 返回 Hash 值; 如果找不到,则返回默认值或指定值; 如果默认值和指定值都找不到,抛异常
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h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 } h.fetch("a") » 100 h.fetch("z", "go fish") » "go fish" h.fetch("k")
»in `fetch': key not found (IndexError)
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has_key?
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判断是否存在相符的 key 值
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h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
h.has_key?("a") » true h.has_key?("z") » false
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key?
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h. key?("z") » false
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include?
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h.include?("b") » true
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has_value?
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判断是否存在相符的 value 值
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h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
h.has_value?(100) » true h.has_value?(999) » false
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value?
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h.value?(100) » true h.value?(999) » false
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index
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返回给定值的键值,未找到返 nil
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h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
h.index(200) » "b" h.index(999) » nil
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indexes
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返回一系列给定的键值对应值组成的数 组
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h = { "a" =>100, "b" =>200, "c" =>300 }
h.indexes("a", "c") » [100,300]
h.indexes("a","z") » [100,nil]
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indices
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h.indexes("a", "c") » [100,300]
h.indexes("a", "z") » [100,nil]
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invert
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将元素值和索引互换,返回变换后的哈
希表. 注意:若原哈希表中若干不同的索引对 应相同的元素值时,其变换结果将无法 预测.
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h = { "n" => 100,"m" => 100,"y" => 300}
h.invert » {300=>"y",100=>"n"}
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keys
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返回一个包含所有 key 的数组.
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h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
h.keys » ["a", "b"]
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values
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返回一个包含所有 vakue 的数组.
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h = { "a" => 100,"b" => 200,"c" => 300 }
h.values » [100, 200, 300]
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length
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返回词典中元素的个数
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h = { "d" =>100, "a"=> 200, "v" => 300}
h.length » 3 h. size » 3
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size
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rehash
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重新计算索引对应的哈希表值。 当与索引对应的哈希表值发生变化时, 若不使用该方法来重新计算的话,将无 法取出与索引对应的哈希表值。
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a = [ "a", "b" ]
c = [ "c", "d" ]
h = { a => 100, c => 300 }
a[0] = "z" h.rehash
» {["z", "b"]=>100, ["c", "d"]=>300}
h[a] » 100
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replace
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以另外一张 Hash 表的内容来替换当前
Hash 表的内容
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h = {"a" =>100, "b" =>200 }
h.replace({ "c" => 300, "d" => 400 })
» {"c"=>300, "d"=>400}
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shift
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删除一个哈希表元素后 再以[key,value]数组的形式将其返回
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h = { 1 => "a", 2 => "b", 3 => "c" }
h.shift » [1, "a"]
h » {2=>"b", 3=>"c"}
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sort
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对 Hash 进行排序 按键值从小到大排序
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h = { "b" => 30, "a" => 20, "c" => 10 } h.sort » [["a", 20], ["b", 30], ["c", 10]] h.sort {|a,b| a[1]<=>b[1]}
» [["c", 10], ["a", 20], ["b", 30]]
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to_a
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把 Hash 表转换为数组
数组按 Hash 表的键值从小到大排序
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h = {"c" =>300,"a" =>100,"d" =>400}
» [["a", 100], ["c", 300], ["d", 400]]
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to_s
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把 Hash 表转换为字符串
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h = { "c" => 300, "a" => 100, "d" => 400}
h.to_s » "a100c300d400"
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update
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用一张 Hash 表去更新另外张 Hash 表
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h1 = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 } h2 = { "b" => 254, "c" => 300 } h1.update(h2)
» {"a"=>100, "b"=>254, "c"=>300}
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