'providers' => [
    
    /*
     * Laravel Framework Service Providers...
     */
    Illuminate\Foundation\Providers\ArtisanServiceProvider::class,
    Illuminate\Auth\AuthServiceProvider::class,
    ...
    
    /**
     * Third Party Service Providers...
     */
    Bican\Roles\RolesServiceProvider::class,

],

use Bican\Roles\Traits\HasRoleAndPermission;
use Bican\Roles\Contracts\HasRoleAndPermission as HasRoleAndPermissionContract;

class User extends Model implements AuthenticatableContract, CanResetPasswordContract, HasRoleAndPermissionContract
{
    use Authenticatable, CanResetPassword, HasRoleAndPermission;

use Bican\Roles\Models\Role;

$adminRole = Role::create([
    'name' => 'Admin',
    'slug' => 'admin',
    'description' => '', // optional
    'level' => 1, // optional, set to 1 by default
]);

$moderatorRole = Role::create([
    'name' => 'Forum Moderator',
    'slug' => 'forum.moderator',
]);

use App\User;

$user = User::find($id);

$user->attachRole($adminRole); // you can pass whole object, or just an id

$user->detachRole($adminRole); // in case you want to detach role
$user->detachAllRoles(); // in case you want to detach all roles

if ($user->is('admin')) { // you can pass an id or slug
    // or alternatively $user->hasRole('admin')
}

if ($user->isAdmin()) {
    //
}

if ($user->is('admin|moderator')) { 
    /*
    | Or alternatively:
    | $user->is('admin, moderator'), $user->is(['admin', 'moderator']),
    | $user->isOne('admin|moderator'), $user->isOne('admin, moderator'), $user->isOne(['admin', 'moderator'])
    */

    // if user has at least one role
}

if ($user->is('admin|moderator', true)) {
    /*
    | Or alternatively:
    | $user->is('admin, moderator', true), $user->is(['admin', 'moderator'], true),
    | $user->isAll('admin|moderator'), $user->isAll('admin, moderator'), $user->isAll(['admin', 'moderator'])
    */

    // if user has all roles
}

if ($user->level() > 4) {
    //
}

use Bican\Roles\Models\Permission;

$createUsersPermission = Permission::create([
    'name' => 'Create users',
    'slug' => 'create.users',
    'description' => '', // optional
]);

$deleteUsersPermission = Permission::create([
    'name' => 'Delete users',
    'slug' => 'delete.users',
]);

use App\User;
use Bican\Roles\Models\Role;

$role = Role::find($roleId);
$role->attachPermission($createUsersPermission); // permission attached to a role

$user = User::find($userId);
$user->attachPermission($deleteUsersPermission); // permission attached to a user

$role->detachPermission($createUsersPermission); // in case you want to detach permission
$role->detachAllPermissions(); // in case you want to detach all permissions

$user->detachPermission($deleteUsersPermission);
$user->detachAllPermissions();

if ($user->can('create.users') { // you can pass an id or slug
    //
}

if ($user->canDeleteUsers()) {
    //
}

use App\Article;
use Bican\Roles\Models\Permission;

$editArticlesPermission = Permission::create([
    'name' => 'Edit articles',
    'slug' => 'edit.articles',
    'model' => 'App\Article',
]);

$user->attachPermission($editArticlesPermission);

$article = Article::find(1);

if ($user->allowed('edit.articles', $article)) { // $user->allowedEditArticles($article)
    //
}

if ($user->allowed('edit.articles', $article, false)) { // now owner check is disabled
    //
}

@role('admin') // @if(Auth::check() && Auth::user()->is('admin'))
    // user is admin
@endrole

@permission('edit.articles') // @if(Auth::check() && Auth::user()->can('edit.articles'))
    // user can edit articles
@endpermission

@level(2) // @if(Auth::check() && Auth::user()->level() >= 2)
    // user has level 2 or higher
@endlevel

@allowed('edit', $article) // @if(Auth::check() && Auth::user()->allowed('edit', $article))
    // show edit button
@endallowed

@role('admin|moderator', 'all') // @if(Auth::check() && Auth::user()->is('admin|moderator', 'all'))
    // user is admin and also moderator
@else
    // something else
@endrole

/**
 * The application's route middleware.
 *
 * @var array
 */
protected $routeMiddleware = [
    'auth' => \App\Http\Middleware\Authenticate::class,
    'auth.basic' => \Illuminate\Auth\Middleware\AuthenticateWithBasicAuth::class,
    'guest' => \App\Http\Middleware\RedirectIfAuthenticated::class,
    'role' => \Bican\Roles\Middleware\VerifyRole::class,
    'permission' => \Bican\Roles\Middleware\VerifyPermission::class,
    'level' => \Bican\Roles\Middleware\VerifyLevel::class,
];

$router->get('/example', [
    'as' => 'example',
    'middleware' => 'role:admin',
    'uses' => 'ExampleController@index',
]);

$router->post('/example', [
    'as' => 'example',
    'middleware' => 'permission:edit.articles',
    'uses' => 'ExampleController@index',
]);

$router->get('/example', [
    'as' => 'example',
    'middleware' => 'level:2', // level >= 2
    'uses' => 'ExampleController@index',
]);

/**
 * Render an exception into an HTTP response.
 *
 * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
 * @param  \Exception  $e
 * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
 */
public function render($request, Exception $e)
{
    if ($e instanceof \Bican\Roles\Exceptions\RoleDeniedException) {
        // you can for example flash message, redirect...
        return redirect()->back();
    }

    return parent::render($request, $e);
}