Koka v2 is a research language that currently under heavy development with the new C backendLatest release: v2.4.0, 2022-02-07 (Install).
Koka is a strongly typed functional-style language with effect types and handlers.
The core of Koka consists of a small set of well-studied language features, like first-class functions,
a polymorphic type- and effect system, algebraic data types, and effect handlers. Each of these is
composable and avoid the addition of “special” extensions by being as general as possible.
Koka tracks the (side) effects of every
function in its type, where pure and effectful computations are
distinguished. The precise effect typing gives Koka rock-solid
semantics backed by well-studied category theory, which makes Koka
particularly easy to reason about for both humans and compilers.
Effect handlers let you define advanced control abstractions,
like exceptions, async/await, or probabilistic programs,
as a user library in a typed and composable way.
Perceus is an advanced compilation method for reference counting.
Together with evidence passing, this lets Koka compile directly to C code without needing
a garbage collector or runtime system.
Perceus also performs reuse analysis and optimizes
functional-style programs to use in-place updates when possible.
Special thanks to: Anton Lorenzen for his work on frame-limited
reuse in Perceus [10], Ningning Xie for her work on the theory and practice of evidence passing [9,6] and the formalization of Perceus reference counting [8],
Alex Reinking for the implementation of the Perceus reference counting analysis [8],
and all previous interns working on earlier versions of Koka: Daniel Hillerström, Jonathan Brachthäuser, Niki Vazou, Ross Tate, Edsko de Vries, and Dana Xu.
Recent Releases
v2.4.0, 2022-02-07: automatic generation of installation packages for various Linux
distributions (by Rubikscraft), improved specialization and integer add/sub, add rbtree-fbip sample,
improve grammar (pub (instead of public, remove private (as it is always default)),
final ctl (instead of brk), underscores in number literals, etc),
rename double to float64, various bug fixes.
v2.3.8, 2021-12-27: improved int performance, various bug fixes, update wasm backend,
initial conan support, fix js backend.
v2.3.4, 2021-11-26: maybe-like types are already value types, but now also no longer need heap allocation
if not nested (and [Just(1)] uses the same heap space as [1]),
improved atomic refcounting (by Anton Lorenzen), improved specialization (by Steven Fontanella),
various small fixes, fix build on freeBSD.
v2.3.2, 2021-10-15: initial wasm support (use --target=wasm, and install emscripten and wasmtime),
improved reuse specialization (by Anton Lorenzen),
fix default color scheme for non-dark shells (#190), stack-less free and marking, add --stack option,
musl support (use --cc=musl-gcc), fix vcpkg support on macOS with homebrew installed vcpkg, various bug fixes.
v2.3.1, 2021-09-29: improved TRMC optimizations, and improved reuse
(the rbtree benchmark is faster as C++ now).
Improved effect operation speed. Allow elision of -> in anonymous
function expressions (e.g. xs.map( fn(x) x + 1 )) and operation clauses. Allow ctl for control.
New default output directory as .koka and improved command line options to be more in line with
other compilers (with -o specifying the final output, and -e to execute the program).
v2.3.0, 2021-09-20: many changes: new layout rule to elide braces and no more need to
parenthesize if and match conditions (see the samples/basic/rbtree for
an example of this), updated the JavaScript backend (--target=js) to use standard ES6 modules and using the new BigInt for arbitrary precision integers, improved runtime layout with support for 128-bit arm CHERI,
add the std/num/int64 module and int64 primitive type, add the binarytrees
benchmark, initial support for parallel tasks (in std/os/task), improved simplification and inlining giving
much improved effect operations, updated isocline for the interactive environment.
v2.2.1, 2021-09-05: improved optimization, initial parallel tasks, binary-trees benchmark,
still slightly slower effect handling, upgrade isocline, fix minor bugs.
v2.2.0, 2021-08-26: improved case-of-known simpification (by Rakshika B), improve cross-module specialization
(by Steven Fontanella), initial borrowing annotations and improved reuse analysis (by Anton Lorenzen),
improved line editing in the interactive environment, improved inlining. Note: due to the new inline phases,
effect handling may currently be a tad slower in this release but will be improved for the next release.
Koka has binary installers for Windows (x64), macOS (x64, M1), Linux (x64, arm64), and FreeBSD (x64).
For other platforms, you need to build the compiler from source.
Build from Source
Koka has few dependencies and should build from source
without problems on most common platforms, e.g. Windows (including WSL), macOS, and
Unix. The following programs are required to build Koka:
Stack to run the Haskell compiler.
Use curl -sSL https://get.haskellstack.org/ | sh
on Unix and macOS x64, or the binary installer on Windows.
On macOS M1, use brew install haskell-stack --head (and see the build notes below).
Optional: vcpkg to be able to link easily with C libraries.
Use brew install vcpkg on macOS. On other systems use the vcpkg install
instructions (Koka can find vcpkg automatically if installed to ~/vcpkg).
Optional: On Windows it is recommended to install the clang C compiler, or the Visual Studio C compiler.
Now clone the repository and build the compiler as (note the --recursive flag):
$ git clone --recursive https://github.com/koka-lang/koka
$ cd koka
$ stack update
$ stack build
$ stack exec koka
You can also use stack build --fast to build a debug version of the compiler.
Use stack test --fast to run the test-suite.
(See the build notes below for building macOS M1, or if you have issues when running- or installing stack).
Create an Install Bundle
Koka can generate a binary install bundle that can be installed
on the local machine:
$ stack exec koka -- -e util/bundle
...
distribution bundle created.
bundle : bundle/v2.3.9/koka-v2.3.9-linux-x64.tar.gz
cc : gcc
version: v2.3.9
This takes a while as it pre-compiles the standard libraries in three build
variants (debug, drelease (release with debug info), and release).
After generating the bundle, you can install it locally as:
(use util/install.bat on Windows).
After installation, you can now directly invoke koka:
$ koka --version
Koka is by default installed for the current user in <prefix>/bin/koka,
(with architecture specific files under <prefix>/lib/koka/v2.x.x
and libraries and samples under <prefix>/share/koka/v2.x.x).
On Unix and macOS the default prefix is /usr/local while
on Windows the default prefix is %LOCALAPPDATA%\koka.
It is also possible to generate installation packages for
various Linux platforms (RHEL, Debian, Alpine, etc.). See
the [readme][util/packaging] for further information.
Benchmarks
These are initial benchmarks of Koka v2 with Perceus reference counting
versus state-of-the-art memory reclamation implementations in
various other languages. Since we compare across languages we need to
interpret these results with care -- the results depend not only on memory
reclamation but also on the different optimizations performed by each
compiler and how well we can translate each benchmark to that particular
language. We view these results therefore mostly as evidence that the
current Koka implementation of reference counting is viable and can be competitive
and not as a direct comparison of absolute performance between languages and systems.
As such, we select here only benchmarks that stress memory allocation, and
we tried to select mature comparison systems that use a range of memory
reclamation techniques and are considered best-in-class. The systems we
compare are, Koka 2.0.3 (compiling the generated C code with gcc 9.3.0),
OCaml 4.08.1, Haskell GHC 8.6.5,
Swift 5.3, Java SE 15.0.1 with the Hotspot G1 collector,
and C++ gcc 9.3.0.
The benchmarks are all available in test/bench (see the
readme there for build instructions), and all
stress memory allocation with little computation:
rbtree (inserts 42 million items into a red-black tree),
rbtree-ck (a variant of rbtree that keeps a list of every 5th
subtree and thus shares many subtrees), deriv
(the symbolic derivative of a large expression),
nqueens (calculates all solutions for the n-queens problem of size 13
into a list, and returns the length of that list where the solution lists
share many sub-solutions), and cfold (constant-folding over a large symbolic expression).
Note: in C++, without automatic memory management, many benchmarks are
difficult to express directly as they use persistent and
partially shared data structures. To implement these faithfully would
essentially require manual reference counting. Instead, we use C++ as
our performance baseline: we either use in-place updates
without supporting persistence (as in rbtree which uses std::map)
or we do not reclaim memory at all (as in deriv, nqueens, and cfold).
The execution times and peak working set averaged over 10 runs and normalized to Koka are in
the figure on the right (on a 3.8Ghz AMD3600XT on Ubuntu 20.04, Nov 2020).
We can see that even though Koka has currently few
optimizations besides the reference counting ones, it performs very well
compared to these mature systems, often outperforming by a significant
margin -- both in execution time and peak working set.
Clearly, these benchmarks are allocation heavy but it is encouraging
to see this initial performance from Koka.
A full discussion of these benchmarks and systems can be found
in the Perceus report.
Tasks
Please help develop Koka: there are many opportunities to improve Koka or do research with Koka. We need:
Emacs (partially done) and Vim syntax highlighting.
Add more samples, improve documentation, landing page etc. Make it easier for people to contribute.
Many library modules are incomplete (like std/os/file) or missing (like std/data/map).
Update file and os primitives for the JavaScript backend.
Run the full test suite.
Run the Bayesian probalistic machine learning program with large parameters.
Functions with a pattern match in the argument (by Steven Fontanella).
Support int64 operations
More advanced projects:
Update the JavaScript backend to 1) use modern modules instead of amdefine, 2) use the new bigints instead of
bigint.js, and 3) add support for int64. (landed in the dev branch)
Port std/text/regex from v1 (using PCRE)
A language server for Visual Studio Code and Atom. Koka can already generate a
typed range map so this should be managable. Partially done: see PR #100 (by @fwcd) -- it just
needs work on packaging it to make it easy to build and install as part of the Koka installer.
Package management of Koka modules.
Compile to WASM (using emscripten on the current C backend)
Extend TRMC to include (1) return results with pairs (like unzip or partition), (2) associative functions
(like + in length), and (3) mutually recursive functions.
Improve compilation of local state to use local variables directly (in C) without allocation. Tricky though due to multiple resumptions.
Improve performance of array/mutable reference programming. Koka is has great performance for
algebraic datatypes but lags when using more imperative array algorithms. This requires better
integration with the reference counting (faster in-place update for vectors) and integration local mutable references.
To support optimal Btree's we need mutable fields in constructors, and perhaps intrusive vector fields.
The current parallel task support is very basic; we need a great work-stealing thread pool, LVar's etc.
Expose the "bytes" primitive data together with views..
Improve C code generation by identifying output that could be better; also in effectful code we generate many join-points (see [9]),
can we increase the sharing/reduce the extra code.
The compiler always analyses module dependencies and builds any needed dependencies. The current code
(in src/Compiler/Compile.hs) is not great and it would be nice to factorize the "make" functionality out
and also allow for parallel builds.
Master/PhD level:
Better language level FBIP support with guaranteed datatype matching, automatic derivative and visitor generation.
Can we use C++ exceptions to implement "zero-cost" if yielding() ... branches and remove the need join points (see [9]).
Float up open calls to improve effect handling (worked on by Naoya Furudono)
Formalize opening and closing effect row types (worked on by Kazuki Ikemori)
Currently being worked on:
Various standard optimizations like case-of-case, join points, case-of-known constructor, etc.
Implement inline specialization where functions like map, fold etc get specialized for the function
with which they are called. This is an important optimization for functional style languages to reduce the allocation of lambda's.
(contact: Steven Fontanella)
Borrowing analysis for Perceus and improved reuse analysis. (contact: Anton Lorenzen)
Improve case-of-known simplification with shape information
The following is the immediate todo list to be completed in the coming months:
Port std/async (using libuv).
Proper overloading with (a form of) type classes. (in design phase).
Contact me if you are interested in tackling some of these :-)
Build Notes
Branches
The main development branches are:
master: latest stable version.
dev: current development branch -- submit PR's to this branch.
v1-master: last stable version of Koka v1: this is Koka with the Javascript (and C#)
backend which does not use evidence translation.
This version supports std/async and should compile examples from published papers.
Building on macOS M1
Currently (Dec 2021) you need to use brew install haskell-stack --head
to get the latest 2.7.4 version of stack. (Have patience as the cabal
install step takes about 20 min). Moreover, you need to add the brew
installed LLVM to your path afterwards, or otherwise stack cannot find the LLVM tools.
Add the following to your ~/.zshrc script and open an fresh prompt:
export PATH=/opt/homebrew/opt/llvm/bin:$PATH
Building with Cabal
Some platforms (like Linux arm64 and FreeBSD) do not
always support stack well. In these cases we can also
use ghc and cabal directly. Install these packages as:
The Koka compiler on Windows requires a C compiler. By default
when using stack exec koka the C compiler supplied with ghc is used (mingw)
but that is only visible within a stack environmet.
It is therefore recommended to install the clang compiler for
Windows (which is automatically installed when running util/install.bat).
However, Koka can also use the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler (cl) if you
run koka from a Visual Studio x64 toolset command prompt (in
order to link correctly with the Windows system libraries).
Generally, for Koka code, mingw (gcc) optimizes best, closely followed clang-cl.
On a 3.8Gz AMD 3600XT, with mingw 7.2.0, clang-cl 11.0.0, and cl 19.28 we get:
v2.1.9, 2021-06-23: initial support for cross-module specialization (by Steven Fontanella).
v2.1.8, 2021-06-17: initial support for macOS M1 and Linux arm64, improved readline, minor fixes.
v2.1.6, 2021-06-10: initial support for shallow resumptions, fix space leak with vectors, allow gcc with --fasan,
improved vcpkg support, add --fstdalloc flag, improved VS code syntax highlighting, improved valgrind support,
added --no-optimize flag for extended debug information.
v2.1.4, 2021-05-31: remove dependency on cmake, support library linking, support vckpg, updated std/text/regex,
improved Windows installer with clang install included, remove dependency on Visual Studio on Windows,
improved --fasan support, fixed space leak on boxed value types, use signed size_t internally, various small bug fixes.
v2.1.2, 2021-05-01: various bug fixes, allow pattern bindings in parameters of anonymous functions (by Steven Fontanella),
initial Emacs syntax highlighting (by Kamoii).
v2.1.1, 2021-03-08: bug fixes, use right-associative (++) for string- and list append (instead of (+)), improved internal
string handling.
v2.0.16, 2021-02-14: bug fixes, fix short-circuit evaluation of logical operations, improved utf-8 handling.
v2.0.14, 2020-12-11: bug fixes, improved var escape checking.
v2.0.12, 2020-12-02: syntax highlighting support for VS Code and Atom, improved uninstall, more samples.
v2.0.9, 2020-11-27: now with binary releases for Windows, macOS, and Linux.
v2.0.7, 2020-11-23: more small fixes, improved scoped handlers, improved higher-rank type propagation, more samples.
v2.0.5, 2020-11-15: many bug fixes and improvements. Improved codegen, named handlers, added samples, docker support, direct C
compilation, local install support.
v2.0.0, 2020-08-21: initial v2 release.
References
Daniel Hillerström, and Sam Lindley. “Liberating Effects with Rows and Handlers.” In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Type-Driven Development, 15--27. TyDe 2016. Nara, Japan. 2016. doi:10.1145/2976022.2976033.
Daan Leijen. “Koka: Programming with Row Polymorphic Effect Types.” In Mathematically Structured Functional Programming 2014. EPTCS. Mar. 2014. arXiv:1406.2061.
Daan Leijen. “Type Directed Compilation of Row-Typed Algebraic Effects.” In Proceedings of Principles of Programming Languages (POPL’17). Paris, France. Jan. 2017.
Nicolas Wu, Tom Schrijvers, and Ralf Hinze. “Effect Handlers in Scope.” In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Haskell, 1--12. Haskell ’14. ACM, New York, NY, USA. 2014. doi:10.1145/2633357.2633358
Ningning Xie, Jonathan Brachthäuser, Daniel Hillerström, Philipp Schuster, Daan Leijen. “Effect Handlers, Evidently”
The 25th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP), August 2020. doi:10.1145/3408981, pdf. See also [9] which improves upon this work.
Ningning Xie and Daan Leijen. “Effect Handlers in Haskell, Evidently” The 13th ACM SIGPLAN International Haskell Symposium, August 2020.
pdf
See also the Ev.Eff and Mp.Eff repositories.
Alex Reinking, Ningning Xie, Leonardo de Moura, and Daan Leijen: “ Perceus: Garbage Free Reference Counting with Reuse” MSR-TR-2020-42, Nov 22, 2020. Distinguished paper at PLDI'21.
pdf
Ningning Xie and Daan Leijen. “ Generalized Evidence Passing for Effect Handlers” In The 26th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP), August 2021.
Also as MSR-TR-2021-5, Mar, 2021.
pdf
Anton Lorenzen and Daan Leijen. “ Reference Counting with Frame-Limited Reuse” Microsoft Research
technical report MSR-TR-2021-30, Nov 2021. pdf
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