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Vegeta

Vegeta is a versatile HTTP load testing tool built out of a need to drill HTTP services with a constant request rate. It can be used both as a command line utility and a library.

Install

Pre-compiled executables

Get them here.

Homebrew on Mac OS X

You can install Vegeta using the Homebrew package manager on Mac OS X:

$ brew update && brew install vegeta

Source

You need go installed and GOBIN in your PATH. Once that is done, run the command:

$ go get -u github.com/tsenart/vegeta

Versioning

Both the library and the CLI are versioned with SemVer v2.0.0.

After v8.0.0, the two components are versioned separately to better isolate breaking changes to each.

CLI releases are tagged with cli/vMAJOR.MINOR.PATCH and published on the Github releases page. As for the library, new versions are tagged with both lib/vMAJOR.MINOR.PATCH and vMAJOR.MINOR.PATCH. The latter tag is required for compatibility with go mod.

Contributing

See CONTRIBUTING.md.

Usage manual

Usage: vegeta [global flags] <command> [command flags]

global flags:
  -cpus int
    	Number of CPUs to use (defaults to the number of CPUs you have)
  -profile string
    	Enable profiling of [cpu, heap]
  -version
    	Print version and exit

attack command:
  -body string
    	Requests body file
  -cert string
    	TLS client PEM encoded certificate file
  -chunked
    	Send body with chunked transfer encoding
  -connections int
    	Max open idle connections per target host (default 10000)
  -duration duration
    	Duration of the test [0 = forever]
  -format string
    	Targets format [http, json] (default "http")
  -h2c
    	Send HTTP/2 requests without TLS encryption
  -header value
    	Request header
  -http2
    	Send HTTP/2 requests when supported by the server (default true)
  -insecure
    	Ignore invalid server TLS certificates
  -keepalive
    	Use persistent connections (default true)
  -key string
    	TLS client PEM encoded private key file
  -laddr value
    	Local IP address (default 0.0.0.0)
  -lazy
    	Read targets lazily
  -max-body value
    	Maximum number of bytes to capture from response bodies. [-1 = no limit] (default -1)
  -max-workers uint
    	Maximum number of workers (default 18446744073709551615)
  -name string
    	Attack name
  -output string
    	Output file (default "stdout")
  -proxy-header value
    	Proxy CONNECT header
  -rate value
    	Number of requests per time unit [0 = infinity] (default 50/1s)
  -redirects int
    	Number of redirects to follow. -1 will not follow but marks as success (default 10)
  -resolvers value
    	List of addresses (ip:port) to use for DNS resolution. Disables use of local system DNS. (comma separated list)
  -root-certs value
    	TLS root certificate files (comma separated list)
  -targets string
    	Targets file (default "stdin")
  -timeout duration
    	Requests timeout (default 30s)
  -unix-socket string
    	Connect over a unix socket. This overrides the host address in target URLs
  -workers uint
    	Initial number of workers (default 10)

encode command:
  -output string
    	Output file (default "stdout")
  -to string
    	Output encoding [csv, gob, json] (default "json")

plot command:
  -output string
    	Output file (default "stdout")
  -threshold int
    	Threshold of data points above which series are downsampled. (default 4000)
  -title string
    	Title and header of the resulting HTML page (default "Vegeta Plot")

report command:
  -buckets string
    	Histogram buckets, e.g.: "[0,1ms,10ms]"
  -every duration
    	Report interval
  -output string
    	Output file (default "stdout")
  -type string
    	Report type to generate [text, json, hist[buckets], hdrplot] (default "text")

examples:
  echo "GET http://localhost/" | vegeta attack -duration=5s | tee results.bin | vegeta report
  vegeta report -type=json results.bin > metrics.json
  cat results.bin | vegeta plot > plot.html
  cat results.bin | vegeta report -type="hist[0,100ms,200ms,300ms]"

-cpus

Specifies the number of CPUs to be used internally. It defaults to the amount of CPUs available in the system.

-profile

Specifies which profiler to enable during execution. Both cpu and heap profiles are supported. It defaults to none.

-version

Prints the version and exits.

attack command

-body

Specifies the file whose content will be set as the body of every request unless overridden per attack target, see -targets.

-cert

Specifies the PEM encoded TLS client certificate file to be used with HTTPS requests. If -key isn't specified, it will be set to the value of this flag.

-chunked

Specifies whether to send request bodies with the chunked transfer encoding.

-connections

Specifies the maximum number of idle open connections per target host.

-duration

Specifies the amount of time to issue request to the targets. The internal concurrency structure's setup has this value as a variable. The actual run time of the test can be longer than specified due to the responses delay. Use 0 for an infinite attack.

-format

Specifies the targets format to decode.

json format

The JSON format makes integration with programs that produce targets dynamically easier. Each target is one JSON object in its own line. The method and url fields are required. If present, the body field must be base64 encoded. The generated JSON Schema defines the format in detail.

jq -ncM '{method: "GET", url: "http://goku", body: "Punch!" | @base64, header: {"Content-Type": ["text/plain"]}}' |
  vegeta attack -format=json -rate=100 | vegeta encode

http format

The http format almost resembles the plain-text HTTP message format defined in RFC 2616 but it doesn't support in-line HTTP bodies, only references to files that are loaded and used as request bodies (as exemplified below).

Although targets in this format can be produced by other programs, it was originally meant to be used by people writing targets by hand for simple use cases.

Here are a few examples of valid targets files in the http format:

Simple targets

GET http://goku:9090/path/to/dragon?item=ball
GET http://user:password@goku:9090/path/to
HEAD http://goku:9090/path/to/success

Targets with custom headers

GET http://user:password@goku:9090/path/to
X-Account-ID: 8675309

DELETE http://goku:9090/path/to/remove
Confirmation-Token: 90215
Authorization: Token DEADBEEF

Targets with custom bodies

POST http://goku:9090/things
@/path/to/newthing.json

PATCH http://goku:9090/thing/71988591
@/path/to/thing-71988591.json

Targets with custom bodies and headers

POST http://goku:9090/things
X-Account-ID: 99
@/path/to/newthing.json

Add comments

Lines starting with # are ignored.

# get a dragon ball
GET http://goku:9090/path/to/dragon?item=ball
# specify a test accout
X-Account-ID: 99

-h2c

Specifies that HTTP2 requests are to be sent over TCP without TLS encryption.

-header

Specifies a request header to be used in all targets defined, see -targets. You can specify as many as needed by repeating the flag.

-http2

Specifies whether to enable HTTP/2 requests to servers which support it.

-insecure

Specifies whether to ignore invalid server TLS certificates.

-keepalive

Specifies whether to reuse TCP connections between HTTP requests.

-key

Specifies the PEM encoded TLS client certificate private key file to be used with HTTPS requests.

-laddr

Specifies the local IP address to be used.

-lazy

Specifies whether to read the input targets lazily instead of eagerly. This allows streaming targets into the attack command and reduces memory footprint. The trade-off is one of added latency in each hit against the targets.

-max-body

Specifies the maximum number of bytes to capture from the body of each response. Remaining unread bytes will be fully read but discarded. Set to -1 for no limit. It knows how to intepret values like these:

• "10 MB" -> 10MB
• "10240 g" -> 10TB
• "2000" -> 2000B
• "1tB" -> 1TB
• "5 peta" -> 5PB
• "28 kilobytes" -> 28KB
• "1 gigabyte" -> 1GB

-name

Specifies the name of the attack to be recorded in responses.

-output

Specifies the output file to which the binary results will be written to. Made to be piped to the report command input. Defaults to stdout.

-rate

Specifies the request rate per time unit to issue against the targets. The actual request rate can vary slightly due to things like garbage collection, but overall it should stay very close to the specified. If no time unit is provided, 1s is used.

A -rate of 0 or infinity means vegeta will send requests as fast as possible. Use together with -max-workers to model a fixed set of concurrent users sending requests serially (i.e. waiting for a response before sending the next request).

Setting -max-workers to a very high number while setting -rate=0 can result in vegeta consuming too many resources and crashing. Use with care.

-redirects

Specifies the max number of redirects followed on each request. The default is 10. When the value is -1, redirects are not followed but the response is marked as successful.

-resolvers

Specifies custom DNS resolver addresses to use for name resolution instead of the ones configured by the operating system. Works only on non Windows systems.

-root-certs

Specifies the trusted TLS root CAs certificate files as a comma separated list. If unspecified, the default system CAs certificates will be used.

-targets

Specifies the file from which to read targets, defaulting to stdin. See the -format section to learn about the different target formats.

-timeout

Specifies the timeout for each request. The default is 0 which disables timeouts.

-workers

Specifies the initial number of workers used in the attack. The actual number of workers will increase if necessary in order to sustain the requested rate, unless it'd go beyond -max-workers.

-max-workers

Specifies the maximum number of workers used in the attack. It can be used to control the concurrency level used by an attack.

report command

Usage: vegeta report [options] [<file>...]

Outputs a report of attack results.

Arguments:
  <file>  A file with vegeta attack results encoded with one of
          the supported encodings (gob | json | csv) [default: stdin]

Options:
  --type    Which report type to generate (text | json | hist[buckets] | hdrplot).
            [default: text]

  --buckets Histogram buckets, e.g.: '[0,1ms,10ms]'

  --every   Write the report to --output at every given interval (e.g 100ms)
            The default of 0 means the report will only be written after
            all results have been processed. [default: 0]

  --output  Output file [default: stdout]

Examples:
  echo "GET http://:80" | vegeta attack -rate=10/s > results.gob
  echo "GET http://:80" | vegeta attack -rate=100/s | vegeta encode > results.json
  vegeta report results.*

report -type=text

Requests      [total, rate, throughput] 1200, 120.00, 65.87
Duration      [total, attack, wait]     10.094965987s, 9.949883921s, 145.082066ms
Latencies     [min, mean, 50, 95, 99, max]  90.438129ms, 113.172398ms, 108.272568ms, 140.18235ms, 247.771566ms, 264.815246ms
Bytes In      [total, mean]             3714690, 3095.57
Bytes Out     [total, mean]             0, 0.00
Success       [ratio]                   55.42%
Status Codes  [code:count]              0:535  200:665
Error Set:
Get http://localhost:6060: dial tcp 127.0.0.1:6060: connection refused
Get http://localhost:6060: read tcp 127.0.0.1:6060: connection reset by peer
Get http://localhost:6060: dial tcp 127.0.0.1:6060: connection reset by peer
Get http://localhost:6060: write tcp 127.0.0.1:6060: broken pipe
Get http://localhost:6060: net/http: transport closed before response was received
Get http://localhost:6060: http: can't write HTTP request on broken connection

The Requests row shows:

• The total number of issued requests.
• The real request rate sustained during the attack period.
• The throughput of successful requests over the total period.

The Duration row shows:

• The attack time taken issuing all requests (total - wait)
• The wait time waiting for the response to the last issued request (total - attack)
• The total time taken in the attack (attack + wait)

Latency is the amount of time taken for a response to a request to be read (including the -max-body bytes from the response body).

• min is the minimum latency of all requests in an attack.
• mean is the arithmetic mean / average of the latencies of all requests in an attack.
• 50, 90, 95, 99 are the 50th, 90th, 95th and 99th percentiles, respectively, of the latencies of all requests in an attack. To understand more about why these are useful, I recommend this article from @tylertreat.
• max is the maximum latency of all requests in an attack.

The Bytes In and Bytes Out rows shows:

• The total number of bytes sent (out) or received (in) with the request or response bodies.
• The mean number of bytes sent (out) or received (in) with the request or response bodies.

The Success ratio shows the percentage of requests whose responses didn't error and had status codes between 200 and 400 (non-inclusive).

The Status Codes row shows a histogram of status codes. 0 status codes mean a request failed to be sent.

The Error Set shows a unique set of errors returned by all issued requests. These include requests that got non-successful response status code.

report -type=json

All duration like fields are in nanoseconds.

{
  "latencies": {
    "total": 237119463,
    "mean": 2371194,
    "50th": 2854306,
    "90th": 3228223,
    "95th": 3478629,
    "99th": 3530000,
    "max": 3660505,
    "min": 1949582
  },
  "buckets": {
    "0": 9952,
    "1000000": 40,
    "2000000": 6,
    "3000000": 0,
    "4000000": 0,
    "5000000": 2
  },
  "bytes_in": {
    "total": 606700,
    "mean": 6067
  },
  "bytes_out": {
    "total": 0,
    "mean": 0
  },
  "earliest": "2015-09-19T14:45:50.645818631+02:00",
  "latest": "2015-09-19T14:45:51.635818575+02:00",
  "end": "2015-09-19T14:45:51.639325797+02:00",
  "duration": 989999944,
  "wait": 3507222,
  "requests": 100,
  "rate": 101.01010672380401,
  "throughput": 101.00012489812,
  "success": 1,
  "status_codes": {
    "200": 100
  },
  "errors": []
}

In the buckets field, each key is a nanosecond value representing the lower bound of a bucket. The upper bound is implied by the next higher bucket. Upper bounds are non-inclusive. The highest bucket is the overflow bucket; it has no upper bound. The values are counts of how many requests fell into that particular bucket. If the -buckets parameter is not present, the buckets field is omitted.

report -type=hist

Computes and prints a text based histogram for the given buckets. Each bucket upper bound is non-inclusive.

cat results.bin | vegeta report -type='hist[0,2ms,4ms,6ms]'