void TransportSolverTwophaseReorder::solve(const double* porevolume,
                                               const double* source,
                                               const double dt,
                                               TwophaseState& state)
    {
        darcyflux_ = &state.faceflux()[0];
        porevolume_ = porevolume;
        source_ = source;
        dt_ = dt;
        toWaterSat(state.saturation(), saturation_);

#ifdef EXPERIMENT_GAUSS_SEIDEL
        std::vector<int> seq(grid_.number_of_cells);
        std::vector<int> comp(grid_.number_of_cells + 1);
        int ncomp;
        compute_sequence_graph(&grid_, darcyflux_,
                               &seq[0], &comp[0], &ncomp,
                               &ia_upw_[0], &ja_upw_[0]);
        const int nf = grid_.number_of_faces;
        std::vector<double> neg_darcyflux(nf);
        std::transform(darcyflux_, darcyflux_ + nf, neg_darcyflux.begin(), std::negate<double>());
        compute_sequence_graph(&grid_, &neg_darcyflux[0],
                               &seq[0], &comp[0], &ncomp,
                               &ia_downw_[0], &ja_downw_[0]);
#endif
        std::fill(reorder_iterations_.begin(),reorder_iterations_.end(),0);
        reorderAndTransport(grid_, darcyflux_);
        toBothSat(saturation_, state.saturation());
    }

    // Solve with no rock compressibility (linear eqn).
    void IncompTpfa::solveIncomp(const double dt,
                                 TwophaseState& state,
                                 WellState& well_state)
    {
        // Set up properties.
        computePerSolveDynamicData(dt, state, well_state);

        // Assemble.
        UnstructuredGrid* gg = const_cast<UnstructuredGrid*>(&grid_);
        int ok = ifs_tpfa_assemble(gg, &forces_, &trans_[0], &gpress_omegaweighted_[0], h_);
        if (!ok) {
            THROW("Failed assembling pressure system.");
        }

        // Solve.
        linsolver_.solve(h_->A, h_->b, h_->x);

        // Obtain solution.
        ASSERT(int(state.pressure().size()) == grid_.number_of_cells);
        ASSERT(int(state.faceflux().size()) == grid_.number_of_faces);
        ifs_tpfa_solution soln = { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL };
        soln.cell_press = &state.pressure()[0];
        soln.face_flux  = &state.faceflux()[0];
        if (wells_ != NULL) {
            ASSERT(int(well_state.bhp().size()) == wells_->number_of_wells);
            ASSERT(int(well_state.perfRates().size()) == wells_->well_connpos[ wells_->number_of_wells ]);
            soln.well_flux = &well_state.perfRates()[0];
            soln.well_press = &well_state.bhp()[0];
        }
        ifs_tpfa_press_flux(gg, &forces_, &trans_[0], h_, &soln);
    }

 /// Solve for saturation at next timestep.
 /// \param[in]      porevolume   Array of pore volumes.
 /// \param[in]      source       Transport source term. For interpretation see Opm::computeTransportSource().
 /// \param[in]      dt           Time step.
 /// \param[in, out] state        Reservoir state. Calling solve() will read state.faceflux() and
 ///                              read and write state.saturation().
 void TransportSolverTwophaseImplicit::solve(const double* porevolume,
                                             const double* source,
                                             const double dt,
                                             TwophaseState& state)
 {
     // A very crude check for constant porosity (i.e. no rock-compressibility).
     if (porevolume[0] != initial_porevolume_cell0_) {
         THROW("Detected changed pore volumes, but solver cannot handle rock compressibility.");
     }
     double ssrc[] = { 1.0, 0.0 };
     double dummy[] = { 0.0, 0.0 };
     clear_transport_source(tsrc_);
     const int num_phases = 2;
     for (int cell = 0; cell < grid_.number_of_cells; ++cell) {
         int success = 1;
         if (source[cell] > 0.0) {
             success = append_transport_source(cell, num_phases, state.pressure()[cell], source[cell], ssrc, dummy, tsrc_);
         } else if (source[cell] < 0.0) {
             success = append_transport_source(cell, num_phases, state.pressure()[cell], source[cell], dummy, dummy, tsrc_);
         }
         if (!success) {
             THROW("Failed building TransportSource struct.");
         }
     }
     Opm::ImplicitTransportDetails::NRReport  rpt;
     tsolver_.solve(grid_, tsrc_, dt, ctrl_, state, linsolver_, rpt);
     std::cout << rpt;
 }

    void TransportSolverTwophaseReorder::solveGravity(const double* porevolume,
                                                      const double dt,
                                                      TwophaseState& state)
    {
        // Initialize mobilities.
        const int nc = grid_.number_of_cells;
        std::vector<int> cells(nc);
        for (int c = 0; c < nc; ++c) {
            cells[c] = c;
        }
        mob_.resize(2*nc);
        props_.relperm(cells.size(), &state.saturation()[0], &cells[0], &mob_[0], 0);
        const double* mu = props_.viscosity();
        for (int c = 0; c < nc; ++c) {
            mob_[2*c] /= mu[0];
            mob_[2*c + 1] /= mu[1];
        }

        // Set up other variables.
        porevolume_ = porevolume;
        dt_ = dt;
        toWaterSat(state.saturation(), saturation_);

        // Solve on all columns.
        int num_iters = 0;
        for (std::vector<std::vector<int> >::size_type i = 0; i < columns_.size(); i++) {
            // std::cout << "==== new column" << std::endl;
            num_iters += solveGravityColumn(columns_[i]);
        }
        std::cout << "Gauss-Seidel column solver average iterations: "
                  << double(num_iters)/double(columns_.size()) << std::endl;

        toBothSat(saturation_, state.saturation());
    }

    /// Compute per-solve dynamic properties.
    void IncompTpfa::computePerSolveDynamicData(const double /*dt*/,
                                                const TwophaseState& state,
                                                const WellState& /*well_state*/)
    {
        // Computed here:
        //
        // std::vector<double> wdp_;
        // std::vector<double> totmob_;
        // std::vector<double> omega_;
        // std::vector<double> trans_;
        // std::vector<double> gpress_omegaweighted_;
        // std::vector<double> initial_porevol_;
        // ifs_tpfa_forces forces_;

        // wdp_
        if (wells_) {
            Opm::computeWDP(*wells_, grid_, state.saturation(), props_.density(),
                            gravity_ ? gravity_[2] : 0.0, true, wdp_);
        }
        // totmob_, omega_, gpress_omegaweighted_
        if (gravity_) {
            computeTotalMobilityOmega(props_, allcells_, state.saturation(), totmob_, omega_);
            mim_ip_density_update(grid_.number_of_cells, grid_.cell_facepos,
                                  &omega_[0],
                                  &gpress_[0], &gpress_omegaweighted_[0]);
        } else {
            computeTotalMobility(props_, allcells_, state.saturation(), totmob_);
        }
        // trans_
        tpfa_eff_trans_compute(const_cast<UnstructuredGrid*>(&grid_), &totmob_[0], &htrans_[0], &trans_[0]);
        // initial_porevol_
        if (rock_comp_props_ && rock_comp_props_->isActive()) {
            computePorevolume(grid_, props_.porosity(), *rock_comp_props_, state.pressure(), initial_porevol_);
        }
        // forces_
        forces_.src = src_.empty() ? NULL : &src_[0];
        forces_.bc = bcs_;
        forces_.W = wells_;
        forces_.totmob = &totmob_[0];
        forces_.wdp = wdp_.empty() ? NULL : &wdp_[0];
    }

    /// Compute per-iteration dynamic properties.
    void IncompTpfa::computePerIterationDynamicData(const double /*dt*/,
                                                    const TwophaseState& state,
                                                    const WellState& well_state)
    {
        // These are the variables that get computed by this function:
        //
        // std::vector<double> porevol_
        // std::vector<double> rock_comp_
        // std::vector<double> pressures_

        computePorevolume(grid_, props_.porosity(), *rock_comp_props_, state.pressure(), porevol_);
        if (rock_comp_props_ && rock_comp_props_->isActive()) {
            for (int cell = 0; cell < grid_.number_of_cells; ++cell) {
                rock_comp_[cell] = rock_comp_props_->rockComp(state.pressure()[cell]);
            }
        }
        if (wells_) {
            std::copy(state.pressure().begin(), state.pressure().end(), pressures_.begin());
            std::copy(well_state.bhp().begin(), well_state.bhp().end(), pressures_.begin() + grid_.number_of_cells);
        }
    }

    /// Compute the output.
    void IncompTpfa::computeResults(TwophaseState& state,
                                    WellState& well_state) const
    {
        // Make sure h_ contains the direct-solution matrix
        // and right hand side (not jacobian and residual).
        // TODO: optimize by only adjusting b and diagonal of A.
        UnstructuredGrid* gg = const_cast<UnstructuredGrid*>(&grid_);
        ifs_tpfa_assemble(gg, &forces_, &trans_[0], &gpress_omegaweighted_[0], h_);


        // Make sure h_->x contains the direct solution vector.
        ASSERT(int(state.pressure().size()) == grid_.number_of_cells);
        ASSERT(int(state.faceflux().size()) == grid_.number_of_faces);
        std::copy(state.pressure().begin(), state.pressure().end(), h_->x);
        std::copy(well_state.bhp().begin(), well_state.bhp().end(), h_->x + grid_.number_of_cells);

        // Obtain solution.
        ifs_tpfa_solution soln = { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL };
        soln.cell_press = &state.pressure()[0];
        soln.face_flux  = &state.faceflux()[0];
        if (wells_ != NULL) {
            ASSERT(int(well_state.bhp().size()) == wells_->number_of_wells);
            ASSERT(int(well_state.perfRates().size()) == wells_->well_connpos[ wells_->number_of_wells ]);
            soln.well_flux = &well_state.perfRates()[0];
            soln.well_press = &well_state.bhp()[0];
        }
        ifs_tpfa_press_flux(gg, &forces_, &trans_[0], h_, &soln); // TODO: Check what parts of h_ are used here.
    }

    /// Compute the residual in h_->b and Jacobian in h_->A.
    void IncompTpfa::assemble(const double dt,
                              const TwophaseState& state,
                              const WellState& /*well_state*/)
    {
        const double* pressures = wells_ ? &pressures_[0] : &state.pressure()[0];

        bool ok = ifs_tpfa_assemble_comprock_increment(const_cast<UnstructuredGrid*>(&grid_),
                                                       &forces_, &trans_[0], &gpress_omegaweighted_[0],
                                                       &porevol_[0], &rock_comp_[0], dt, pressures,
                                                       &initial_porevol_[0], h_);
        if (!ok) {
            THROW("Failed assembling pressure system.");
        }
    }

void
VertEqImpl::downscale (const TwophaseState &coarseScale,
                       TwophaseState &fineScale) {
	// assume that the fineScale storage is already initialized
	if (!fineScale.pressure().size() == ts->number_of_cells) {
		throw OPM_EXC ("Fine scale state is not dimensioned correctly");
	}

	// properties object handle the actual downscaling since it
	// already has the information about the interface.
	// update the coarse saturation *before* we downscale to 3D,
	// since we need the residual interface for that.
	pr->upd_res_sat (&coarseScale.saturation ()[0]);
	pr->downscale_saturation (&coarseScale.saturation ()[0],
	                          &fineScale.saturation ()[0]);
	pr->downscale_pressure (&coarseScale.saturation ()[0],
	                        &coarseScale.pressure ()[0],
	                        &fineScale.pressure ()[0]);
}

void
VertEqImpl::upscale (const TwophaseState& fineScale,
                     TwophaseState& coarseScale) {
	// dimension state object to the top grid
	coarseScale.init (*ts, pr->numPhases ());

	// upscale pressure and saturation to find the initial state of
	// the two-dimensional domain. we only need to set the pressure
	// and saturation, the flux is an output field. these methods
	// are handled by the props class, since it already has access to
	// the densities and weights.
	pr->upscale_saturation (&fineScale.saturation ()[0],
	                        &coarseScale.saturation ()[0]);
	pr->upd_res_sat (&coarseScale.saturation ()[0]);
	pr->upscale_pressure (&coarseScale.saturation ()[0],
	                      &fineScale.pressure ()[0],
	                      &coarseScale.pressure ()[0]);

	// use the regular helper method to initialize the face pressure
	// since it is implemented in the header, we have access to it
	// even though it is in an anonymous namespace!
	const UnstructuredGrid& g = this->grid();

	initFacePressure (UgGridHelpers::dimensions (g),
	                  UgGridHelpers::numFaces (g),
	                  UgGridHelpers::faceCells (g),
	                  UgGridHelpers::beginFaceCentroids (g),
	                  UgGridHelpers::beginCellCentroids (g),
	                  coarseScale);

	// update the properties from the initial state (the
	// simulation object won't call this method before the
	// first timestep; it assumes that the state is initialized
	// accordingly (which is what we do here now)
	notify (coarseScale);
}

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
    /// \internal [pore volume]
    /// \endinternal

    /// \page tutorial3
    /// \details Set up the transport solver. This is a reordering implicit Euler transport solver.
    /// \snippet tutorial3.cpp transport solver
    /// \internal [transport solver]
    const double tolerance = 1e-9;
    const int max_iterations = 30;
    Opm::TransportSolverTwophaseReorder transport_solver(grid, props, NULL, tolerance, max_iterations);
    /// \internal [transport solver]
    /// \endinternal

    /// \page tutorial3
    /// \details Time integration parameters
    /// \snippet tutorial3.cpp time parameters
    /// \internal [time parameters]
    const double dt = 0.1*day;
    const int num_time_steps = 20;
    /// \internal [time parameters]
    /// \endinternal


    /// \page tutorial3
    /// \details We define a vector which contains all cell indexes. We use this
    /// vector to set up parameters on the whole domain.
    /// \snippet tutorial3.cpp cell indexes
    /// \internal [cell indexes]
    std::vector<int> allcells(num_cells);
    for (int cell = 0; cell < num_cells; ++cell) {
        allcells[cell] = cell;
    }
    /// \internal [cell indexes]
    /// \endinternal

    /// \page tutorial3
    /// \details
    /// We set up a two-phase state object, and
    /// initialize water saturation to minimum everywhere.
    /// \snippet tutorial3.cpp two-phase state
    /// \internal [two-phase state]
    TwophaseState state;
    state.init(grid.number_of_cells , grid.number_of_faces, 2);
    initSaturation( allcells , props , state , MinSat );

    /// \internal [two-phase state]
    /// \endinternal

    /// \page tutorial3
    /// \details This string stream will be used to construct a new
    /// output filename at each timestep.
    /// \snippet tutorial3.cpp output stream
    /// \internal [output stream]
    std::ostringstream vtkfilename;
    /// \internal [output stream]
    /// \endinternal


    /// \page tutorial3
    /// \details Loop over the time steps.
    /// \snippet tutorial3.cpp time loop
    /// \internal [time loop]
    for (int i = 0; i < num_time_steps; ++i) {
        /// \internal [time loop]
	/// \endinternal


        /// \page tutorial3
        /// \details Solve the pressure equation
        /// \snippet tutorial3.cpp solve pressure
        /// \internal [solve pressure]
        psolver.solve(dt, state, well_state);
        /// \internal [solve pressure]
	/// \endinternal

        /// \page tutorial3
        /// \details  Solve the transport equation.
        /// \snippet tutorial3.cpp transport solve
	/// \internal [transport solve]
        transport_solver.solve(&porevol[0], &src[0], dt, state);
        /// \internal [transport solve]
	/// \endinternal

        /// \page tutorial3
        /// \details Write the output to file.
        /// \snippet tutorial3.cpp write output
	/// \internal [write output]
        vtkfilename.str("");
        vtkfilename << "tutorial3-" << std::setw(3) << std::setfill('0') << i << ".vtu";
        std::ofstream vtkfile(vtkfilename.str().c_str());
        Opm::DataMap dm;
        dm["saturation"] = &state.saturation();
        dm["pressure"] = &state.pressure();
        Opm::writeVtkData(grid, dm, vtkfile);
    }
}
catch (const std::exception &e) {
    std::cerr << "Program threw an exception: " << e.what() << "\n";
    throw;
}

// ----------------- Main program -----------------
int
main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    using namespace Opm;

    std::cout << "\n================    Test program for incompressible two-phase flow     ===============\n\n";
    parameter::ParameterGroup param(argc, argv, false);
    std::cout << "---------------    Reading parameters     ---------------" << std::endl;

    // If we have a "deck_filename", grid and props will be read from that.
    bool use_deck = param.has("deck_filename");
    boost::scoped_ptr<EclipseGridParser> deck;
    boost::scoped_ptr<GridManager> grid;
    boost::scoped_ptr<IncompPropertiesInterface> props;
    boost::scoped_ptr<RockCompressibility> rock_comp;
    TwophaseState state;
    // bool check_well_controls = false;
    // int max_well_control_iterations = 0;
    double gravity[3] = { 0.0 };
    if (use_deck) {
        std::string deck_filename = param.get<std::string>("deck_filename");
        deck.reset(new EclipseGridParser(deck_filename));
        // Grid init
        grid.reset(new GridManager(*deck));
        // Rock and fluid init
        props.reset(new IncompPropertiesFromDeck(*deck, *grid->c_grid()));
        // check_well_controls = param.getDefault("check_well_controls", false);
        // max_well_control_iterations = param.getDefault("max_well_control_iterations", 10);
        // Rock compressibility.
        rock_comp.reset(new RockCompressibility(*deck));
        // Gravity.
        gravity[2] = deck->hasField("NOGRAV") ? 0.0 : unit::gravity;
        // Init state variables (saturation and pressure).
        if (param.has("init_saturation")) {
            initStateBasic(*grid->c_grid(), *props, param, gravity[2], state);
        } else {
            initStateFromDeck(*grid->c_grid(), *props, *deck, gravity[2], state);
        }
    } else {
        // Grid init.
        const int nx = param.getDefault("nx", 100);
        const int ny = param.getDefault("ny", 100);
        const int nz = param.getDefault("nz", 1);
        const double dx = param.getDefault("dx", 1.0);
        const double dy = param.getDefault("dy", 1.0);
        const double dz = param.getDefault("dz", 1.0);
        grid.reset(new GridManager(nx, ny, nz, dx, dy, dz));
        // Rock and fluid init.
        props.reset(new IncompPropertiesBasic(param, grid->c_grid()->dimensions, grid->c_grid()->number_of_cells));
        // Rock compressibility.
        rock_comp.reset(new RockCompressibility(param));
        // Gravity.
        gravity[2] = param.getDefault("gravity", 0.0);
        // Init state variables (saturation and pressure).
        initStateBasic(*grid->c_grid(), *props, param, gravity[2], state);
    }

    // Warn if gravity but no density difference.
    bool use_gravity = (gravity[0] != 0.0 || gravity[1] != 0.0 || gravity[2] != 0.0);
    if (use_gravity) {
        if (props->density()[0] == props->density()[1]) {
            std::cout << "**** Warning: nonzero gravity, but zero density difference." << std::endl;
        }
    }
    const double *grav = use_gravity ? &gravity[0] : 0;

    // Initialising src
    int num_cells = grid->c_grid()->number_of_cells;
    std::vector<double> src(num_cells, 0.0);
    if (use_deck) {
        // Do nothing, wells will be the driving force, not source terms.
    } else {
        // Compute pore volumes, in order to enable specifying injection rate
        // terms of total pore volume.
        std::vector<double> porevol;
        if (rock_comp->isActive()) {
            computePorevolume(*grid->c_grid(), props->porosity(), *rock_comp, state.pressure(), porevol);
        } else {
            computePorevolume(*grid->c_grid(), props->porosity(), porevol);
        }
        const double tot_porevol_init = std::accumulate(porevol.begin(), porevol.end(), 0.0);
        const double default_injection = use_gravity ? 0.0 : 0.1;
        const double flow_per_sec = param.getDefault<double>("injected_porevolumes_per_day", default_injection)
            *tot_porevol_init/unit::day;
        src[0] = flow_per_sec;
        src[num_cells - 1] = -flow_per_sec;
    }

    // Boundary conditions.
    FlowBCManager bcs;
    if (param.getDefault("use_pside", false)) {
        int pside = param.get<int>("pside");
        double pside_pressure = param.get<double>("pside_pressure");
        bcs.pressureSide(*grid->c_grid(), FlowBCManager::Side(pside), pside_pressure);
    }

    // Linear solver.
    LinearSolverFactory linsolver(param);

//.........这里部分代码省略.........

// ----------------- Main program -----------------
int
main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    using namespace Opm;

    std::cout << "\n================    Test program for incompressible tof computations     ===============\n\n";
    parameter::ParameterGroup param(argc, argv, false);
    std::cout << "---------------    Reading parameters     ---------------" << std::endl;

    // If we have a "deck_filename", grid and props will be read from that.
    bool use_deck = param.has("deck_filename");
    boost::scoped_ptr<EclipseGridParser> deck;
    boost::scoped_ptr<GridManager> grid;
    boost::scoped_ptr<IncompPropertiesInterface> props;
    boost::scoped_ptr<Opm::WellsManager> wells;
    TwophaseState state;
    // bool check_well_controls = false;
    // int max_well_control_iterations = 0;
    double gravity[3] = { 0.0 };
    if (use_deck) {
        std::string deck_filename = param.get<std::string>("deck_filename");
        deck.reset(new EclipseGridParser(deck_filename));
        // Grid init
        grid.reset(new GridManager(*deck));
        // Rock and fluid init
        props.reset(new IncompPropertiesFromDeck(*deck, *grid->c_grid()));
        // Wells init.
        wells.reset(new Opm::WellsManager(*deck, *grid->c_grid(), props->permeability()));
        // Gravity.
        gravity[2] = deck->hasField("NOGRAV") ? 0.0 : unit::gravity;
        // Init state variables (saturation and pressure).
        if (param.has("init_saturation")) {
            initStateBasic(*grid->c_grid(), *props, param, gravity[2], state);
        } else {
            initStateFromDeck(*grid->c_grid(), *props, *deck, gravity[2], state);
        }
    } else {
        // Grid init.
        const int nx = param.getDefault("nx", 100);
        const int ny = param.getDefault("ny", 100);
        const int nz = param.getDefault("nz", 1);
        const double dx = param.getDefault("dx", 1.0);
        const double dy = param.getDefault("dy", 1.0);
        const double dz = param.getDefault("dz", 1.0);
        grid.reset(new GridManager(nx, ny, nz, dx, dy, dz));
        // Rock and fluid init.
        props.reset(new IncompPropertiesBasic(param, grid->c_grid()->dimensions, grid->c_grid()->number_of_cells));
        // Wells init.
        wells.reset(new Opm::WellsManager());
        // Gravity.
        gravity[2] = param.getDefault("gravity", 0.0);
        // Init state variables (saturation and pressure).
        initStateBasic(*grid->c_grid(), *props, param, gravity[2], state);
    }

    // Warn if gravity but no density difference.
    bool use_gravity = (gravity[0] != 0.0 || gravity[1] != 0.0 || gravity[2] != 0.0);
    if (use_gravity) {
        if (props->density()[0] == props->density()[1]) {
            std::cout << "**** Warning: nonzero gravity, but zero density difference." << std::endl;
        }
    }
    const double *grav = use_gravity ? &gravity[0] : 0;

    // Initialising src
    std::vector<double> porevol;
    computePorevolume(*grid->c_grid(), props->porosity(), porevol);
    int num_cells = grid->c_grid()->number_of_cells;
    std::vector<double> src(num_cells, 0.0);
    if (use_deck) {
        // Do nothing, wells will be the driving force, not source terms.
    } else {
        const double tot_porevol_init = std::accumulate(porevol.begin(), porevol.end(), 0.0);
        const double default_injection = use_gravity ? 0.0 : 0.1;
        const double flow_per_sec = param.getDefault<double>("injected_porevolumes_per_day", default_injection)
            *tot_porevol_init/unit::day;
        src[0] = flow_per_sec;
        src[num_cells - 1] = -flow_per_sec;
    }

    // Boundary conditions.
    FlowBCManager bcs;
    if (param.getDefault("use_pside", false)) {
        int pside = param.get<int>("pside");
        double pside_pressure = param.get<double>("pside_pressure");
        bcs.pressureSide(*grid->c_grid(), FlowBCManager::Side(pside), pside_pressure);
    }

    // Linear solver.
    LinearSolverFactory linsolver(param);

    // Pressure solver.
    Opm::IncompTpfa psolver(*grid->c_grid(), *props, 0, linsolver,
                            0.0, 0.0, 0,
                            grav, wells->c_wells(), src, bcs.c_bcs());

    // Choice of tof solver.
    bool use_dg = param.getDefault("use_dg", false);
    int dg_degree = -1;
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

    // Solve with rock compressibility (nonlinear eqn).
    void IncompTpfa::solveRockComp(const double dt,
                                   TwophaseState& state,
                                   WellState& well_state)
    {
        // This function is identical to CompressibleTpfa::solve().
        // \TODO refactor?

        const int nc = grid_.number_of_cells;
        const int nw = (wells_) ? wells_->number_of_wells : 0;

        // Set up dynamic data.
        computePerSolveDynamicData(dt, state, well_state);
        computePerIterationDynamicData(dt, state, well_state);

        // Assemble J and F.
        assemble(dt, state, well_state);

        double inc_norm = 0.0;
        int iter = 0;
        double res_norm = residualNorm();
        std::cout << "\nIteration         Residual        Change in p\n"
                  << std::setw(9) << iter
                  << std::setw(18) << res_norm
                  << std::setw(18) << '*' << std::endl;
        while ((iter < maxiter_) && (res_norm > residual_tol_)) {
            // Solve for increment in Newton method:
            //   incr = x_{n+1} - x_{n} = -J^{-1}F
            // (J is Jacobian matrix, F is residual)
            solveIncrement();
            ++iter;

            // Update pressure vars with increment.
            for (int c = 0; c < nc; ++c) {
                state.pressure()[c] += h_->x[c];
            }
            for (int w = 0; w < nw; ++w) {
                well_state.bhp()[w] += h_->x[nc + w];
            }

            // Stop iterating if increment is small.
            inc_norm = incrementNorm();
            if (inc_norm <= change_tol_) {
                std::cout << std::setw(9) << iter
                          << std::setw(18) << '*'
                          << std::setw(18) << inc_norm << std::endl;
                break;
            }

            // Set up dynamic data.
            computePerIterationDynamicData(dt, state, well_state);

            // Assemble J and F.
            assemble(dt, state, well_state);

            // Update residual norm.
            res_norm = residualNorm();

            std::cout << std::setw(9) << iter
                      << std::setw(18) << res_norm
                      << std::setw(18) << inc_norm << std::endl;
        }

        if ((iter == maxiter_) && (res_norm > residual_tol_) && (inc_norm > change_tol_)) {
            THROW("IncompTpfa::solve() failed to converge in " << maxiter_ << " iterations.");
        }

        std::cout << "Solved pressure in " << iter << " iterations." << std::endl;

        // Compute fluxes and face pressures.
        computeResults(state, well_state);
    }

// ----------------- Main program -----------------
int
main(int argc, char** argv)
try
{
    using namespace Opm;

    std::cout << "\n================    Test program for incompressible two-phase flow     ===============\n\n";
    parameter::ParameterGroup param(argc, argv, false);
    std::cout << "---------------    Reading parameters     ---------------" << std::endl;

#if ! HAVE_SUITESPARSE_UMFPACK_H
    // This is an extra check to intercept a potentially invalid request for the
    // implicit transport solver as early as possible for the user.
    {
        const bool use_reorder = param.getDefault("use_reorder", true);
        if (!use_reorder) {
            OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error, "Cannot use implicit transport solver without UMFPACK. "
                  "Either reconfigure opm-core with SuiteSparse/UMFPACK support and recompile, "
                  "or use the reordering solver (use_reorder=true).");
        }
    }
#endif

    // If we have a "deck_filename", grid and props will be read from that.
    bool use_deck = param.has("deck_filename");
    EclipseStateConstPtr eclipseState;

    Opm::DeckConstPtr deck;
    std::unique_ptr<GridManager> grid;
    std::unique_ptr<IncompPropertiesInterface> props;
    std::unique_ptr<RockCompressibility> rock_comp;
    TwophaseState state;
    // bool check_well_controls = false;
    // int max_well_control_iterations = 0;
    double gravity[3] = { 0.0 };
    if (use_deck) {
        ParserPtr parser(new Opm::Parser());

        std::string deck_filename = param.get<std::string>("deck_filename");
        deck = parser->parseFile(deck_filename);
        eclipseState.reset( new EclipseState(deck));
        // Grid init
        grid.reset(new GridManager(deck));
        // Rock and fluid init
        props.reset(new IncompPropertiesFromDeck(deck, eclipseState, *grid->c_grid()));
        // check_well_controls = param.getDefault("check_well_controls", false);
        // max_well_control_iterations = param.getDefault("max_well_control_iterations", 10);
        // Rock compressibility.
        rock_comp.reset(new RockCompressibility(deck, eclipseState));
        // Gravity.
        gravity[2] = deck->hasKeyword("NOGRAV") ? 0.0 : unit::gravity;
        // Init state variables (saturation and pressure).
        if (param.has("init_saturation")) {
            initStateBasic(*grid->c_grid(), *props, param, gravity[2], state);
        } else {
            initStateFromDeck(*grid->c_grid(), *props, deck, gravity[2], state);
        }
    } else {
        // Grid init.
        const int nx = param.getDefault("nx", 100);
        const int ny = param.getDefault("ny", 100);
        const int nz = param.getDefault("nz", 1);
        const double dx = param.getDefault("dx", 1.0);
        const double dy = param.getDefault("dy", 1.0);
        const double dz = param.getDefault("dz", 1.0);
        grid.reset(new GridManager(nx, ny, nz, dx, dy, dz));
        // Rock and fluid init.
        props.reset(new IncompPropertiesBasic(param, grid->c_grid()->dimensions, grid->c_grid()->number_of_cells));
        // Rock compressibility.
        rock_comp.reset(new RockCompressibility(param));
        // Gravity.
        gravity[2] = param.getDefault("gravity", 0.0);
        // Init state variables (saturation and pressure).
        initStateBasic(*grid->c_grid(), *props, param, gravity[2], state);
    }

    // Warn if gravity but no density difference.
    bool use_gravity = (gravity[0] != 0.0 || gravity[1] != 0.0 || gravity[2] != 0.0);
    if (use_gravity) {
        if (props->density()[0] == props->density()[1]) {
            std::cout << "**** Warning: nonzero gravity, but zero density difference." << std::endl;
        }
    }
    const double *grav = use_gravity ? &gravity[0] : 0;

    // Initialising src
    int num_cells = grid->c_grid()->number_of_cells;
    std::vector<double> src(num_cells, 0.0);
    if (use_deck) {
        // Do nothing, wells will be the driving force, not source terms.
    } else {
        // Compute pore volumes, in order to enable specifying injection rate
        // terms of total pore volume.
        std::vector<double> porevol;
        if (rock_comp->isActive()) {
            computePorevolume(*grid->c_grid(), props->porosity(), *rock_comp, state.pressure(), porevol);
        } else {
            computePorevolume(*grid->c_grid(), props->porosity(), porevol);
        }
//.........这里部分代码省略.........