Dispatch::Handler Dispatch::code2handler( Message::type_t type )
{
	typedef std::map<Message::type_t, Handler> map_type;
	static map_type handlers;
	if ( handlers.empty() ) {
		using namespace MessageTypes;
		handlers[ NameQuery ] = &Dispatch::namequery_handler;
		handlers[ NameReply ] = &Dispatch::namereply_handler;
		handlers[ Opponentname ] = &Dispatch::opponentname_handler;
		handlers[ Receive ] = &Dispatch::receive_handler;
		handlers[ Invalidmove ] = &Dispatch::invalidmove_handler;
		handlers[ Inform ] = &Dispatch::inform_handler;
		handlers[ Status ] = &Dispatch::status_handler;
		handlers[ Points ] = &Dispatch::points_handler;
		handlers[ PlayQuery ] = &Dispatch::playquery_handler;
		handlers[ PlayReply ] = &Dispatch::playreply_handler;
		handlers[ Give3Query ] = &Dispatch::give3query_handler;
		handlers[ Terminate ] = &Dispatch::terminate_handler;
		//	handlers[Reset] = &Dispatch::reset_handler;
		handlers[ Give3Reply ] = &Dispatch::give3reply_handler;
		handlers[ PlayReply ] = &Dispatch::playreply_handler;

	}
	map_type::iterator resp = handlers.find( type );
	if ( resp == handlers.end() ) {
		LOG_PLACE() << "No handler for " << type << ".\n";
		return &Dispatch::error_handler;
	}
	return resp->second;
}

void probe (map_type& testMap, std::string name, auto keys, auto values, size_t toFind)
{
    // map_type
    const int width (15);
    const int precision (6);
    std::cout << std::setw (width) << keys.size () << " : " << std::setw (width) << name << " : " << std::flush;
    high_resolution_clock::time_point startTime = high_resolution_clock::now ();
    auto itValues = begin (values);
    for_each (begin (keys), end (keys), [&testMap, &itValues](size_t key)
              {
                  testMap.insert (std::make_pair (key, (*itValues++)));
              });

    high_resolution_clock::time_point findTime = high_resolution_clock::now ();
    size_t currFind = 0;
    for (auto k : keys)
    {
        if (currFind >= toFind)
            break;

        bool exists = testMap.find (k) != testMap.end ();
        if (exists)
            ++currFind;
    }
    high_resolution_clock::time_point endTime   = high_resolution_clock::now ();
    duration<double> time_span_insert = duration_cast<duration<double>> (findTime-startTime);
    duration<double> time_span_find = duration_cast<duration<double>> (endTime-findTime);
    std::cout << "time insert = " << std::fixed << std::setprecision (precision) << time_span_insert.count () << "  time find = " << std::setprecision (precision) << time_span_find.count () << std::setw (width) << "   found = " << std::setw (width) << currFind << std::endl;
}

void *runner(void *f)
{
    string tmp = "", content = *(string *)f;            //將傳過來的指標轉成string

    for (int i = 0; i < content.length()+1; ++i) {
        if(content[i]=='\'' && tmp!="" &&((content[i+1]>='a' && content[i+1]<='z') || (content[i+1]>='A' && content[i+1]<='Z')) )   // 單引號的前後為英文單字的
        {
            tmp += content[i];
            continue;
        }

        if(content[i]>='a' && content[i] <='z') 
            tmp += content[i];
        else if(content[i] >='A' && content[i] <= 'Z')
            tmp += tolower(content[i]);
        else if(tmp != "")
        {
            pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);         //鎖

            /* critical section */
            iter = m.find(tmp);                 //搜尋
            if(iter != m.end())
                iter->second++;                 //資料重複，所以將次數+1
            else
                m.insert(map_type::value_type(tmp,1));          //插入資料

            pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);       //解鎖
            tmp = "";
        }
    }

    pthread_exit(0);                            //結束thread
}

 /** Compute the sum of all the elements
  * Implements compensated summation
  */
 double sum() {
     double s=0.;
     for (map_type::iterator it=map.begin(),itend=map.end();it!=itend;++it) {
         s += it->second;
     }
     return s;
 }

inline std::error_category const & to_std_category( boost::system::error_category const & cat )
{
    if( cat == boost::system::system_category() )
    {
        static const std_category system_instance( &cat, 0x1F4D7 );
        return system_instance;
    }
    else if( cat == boost::system::generic_category() )
    {
        static const std_category generic_instance( &cat, 0x1F4D3 );
        return generic_instance;
    }
    else
    {
        typedef std::map< boost::system::error_category const *, std::unique_ptr<std_category>, cat_ptr_less > map_type;

        static map_type map_;
        static std::mutex map_mx_;

        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard( map_mx_ );

        map_type::iterator i = map_.find( &cat );

        if( i == map_.end() )
        {
            std::unique_ptr<std_category> p( new std_category( &cat, 0 ) );

            std::pair<map_type::iterator, bool> r = map_.insert( map_type::value_type( &cat, std::move( p ) ) );

            i = r.first;
        }

        return *i->second;
    }
}

inline class_id class_id_map::get(type_id const& type) const
{
    map_type::const_iterator i = m_classes.find(type);
    if (i == m_classes.end() || i->second >= local_id_base)
        return unknown_class;
    return i->second;
}

 void print() const{
     enterExclusive();
     map_type::const_iterator iter = _item_map.begin();
     for(; iter != _item_map.end(); ++iter){
         iter->second->print();
     }
     leaveExclusive();
 }

 /** Get an element and provide a default value when it doesn't exist
  * This command does not insert the element into the vector
  */
 double get(mwIndex index, double default_value=0.0) {
     map_type::iterator it = map.find(index);
     if (it == map.end()) {
         return default_value;
     } else {
         return it->second;
     }
 }

 void flush(){
     enterExclusive();
     map_type::iterator iter = _item_map.begin();
     for(; iter != _item_map.end(); ++iter){
         iter->second->flush();
     }
     leaveExclusive();
 }

 /** Compute the max of the element values
  * This operation returns the first element if the vector is empty.
  */
 mwIndex max_index() {
     mwIndex index=0;
     double maxval=std::numeric_limits<double>::min();
     for (map_type::iterator it=map.begin(),itend=map.end();it!=itend;++it) {
         if (it->second>maxval) { maxval = it->second; index = it->first; }
     }
     return index;
 }

void
mapper::_free_map(map_type &m) {
    map_type::iterator i = m.begin();
    for (; i != m.end(); i++) {
        if (i->first)  free((void *)i->first);
        if (i->second) free((void *)i->second);
    }
    m.clear();
}

 static void del(map_type& cont, const key_type& key)
 {
     if ( cont.find(key) != cont.end() ) {
         cont.erase(key);
     }
     else {
         KeyError();
     }
 }

inline void operation_sequence::remove_operation(int id)
{
    using namespace std;
    map_type::iterator it = operations_.find(id);
    if (it == operations_.end())
        throw runtime_error( string("No such operation: ") + 
                             lexical_cast<string>(id) );
    operations_.erase(it);
}

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  void operator()( size_type i ) const
  {
    const size_type invalid_index = map_type::invalid_index;

    uint32_t list = m_map.m_hash_lists(i);
    for (size_type curr = list, ii=0; curr != invalid_index; curr = m_map.m_next_index[curr], ++ii) {
      printf("%d[%d]: %d->%d\n", list, ii, m_map.key_at(curr), m_map.value_at(curr));
    }
  }

 static mapped_type get(map_type & x, const key_type & v)
 {
    if (x.count(v) != 0)
    {
       return x.at(v);
    }
    else
    {
       PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "Index out of range");
       boost::python::throw_error_already_set();
    }
 }

 inline OccupationInfo& find_or_insert(Point const& point, Point& mapped_point)
 {
     typename map_type::iterator it = map.find(point);
     if (it == boost::end(map))
     {
         std::pair<typename map_type::iterator, bool> pair 
                     = map.insert(std::make_pair(point, OccupationInfo()));
         it = pair.first;
     }
     mapped_point = it->first;
     return it->second;
 }

static void find_unreachable_objects_impl(map_type const & m, map2_type & m2)
{
    // scan objects for shared_ptr members, compute internal counts

    {
        std::cout << "... " << m.size() << " objects in m.\n";

        for(map_type::const_iterator i = m.begin(); i != m.end(); ++i)
        {
            abt_boost::detail::sp_counted_base const * p = static_cast<abt_boost::detail::sp_counted_base const *>(i->first);

            BOOST_ASSERT(p->use_count() != 0); // there should be no inactive counts in the map

            m2[ i->first ];

            scan_and_count(i->second.first, i->second.second, m, m2);
        }

        std::cout << "... " << m2.size() << " objects in m2.\n";
    }

    // mark reachable objects

    {
        open_type open;

        for(map2_type::iterator i = m2.begin(); i != m2.end(); ++i)
        {
            abt_boost::detail::sp_counted_base const * p = static_cast<abt_boost::detail::sp_counted_base const *>(i->first);
            if(p->use_count() != i->second) open.push_back(p);
        }

        std::cout << "... " << open.size() << " objects in open.\n";

        for(open_type::iterator j = open.begin(); j != open.end(); ++j)
        {
            m2.erase(*j);
        }

        while(!open.empty())
        {
            void const * p = open.front();
            open.pop_front();

            map_type::const_iterator i = m.find(p);
            BOOST_ASSERT(i != m.end());

            scan_and_mark(i->second.first, i->second.second, m2, open);
        }
    }

    // m2 now contains the unreachable objects
}

 static void del(map_type & x, const key_type & v)
 {
    if (x.count(v) != 0)
    {
       x.erase(v);
    }
    else
    {
       PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "Index out of range");
       boost::python::throw_error_already_set();
    }
 }

 static void set(map_type & x, const key_type & v, mapped_type & m)
 {
    if (x.count(v) == 0)
    {
       x.insert(std::make_pair(v, m));
    }
    else
    {
       PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "Value already set");
       boost::python::throw_error_already_set();
    }
 }

inline void dictionary::replace(std::string& key)
{
    using namespace std;
    string copy(key);
    tolower(copy);
    map_type::iterator it = map_.find(key);
    if (it == map_.end())
        return;
    string& value = it->second;
    if (!value.empty() && !key.empty() && std::isupper((unsigned char) key[0]))
        value[0] = std::toupper((unsigned char) value[0]);
    key = value;
    return;
}