Bool
XftConfigSubstitute (XftPattern *p)
{
    FcConfigSubstitute (0, p, FcMatchPattern);
    FcConfigSubstitute (0, p, FcMatchFont);
    return True;
}

QStringList QFontconfigDatabase::fallbacksForFamily(const QString family, const QFont::Style &style, const QFont::StyleHint &styleHint, const QUnicodeTables::Script &script) const
{
    QStringList fallbackFamilies;
    FcPattern *pattern = FcPatternCreate();
    if (!pattern)
        return fallbackFamilies;

    FcValue value;
    value.type = FcTypeString;
    QByteArray cs = family.toUtf8();
    value.u.s = (const FcChar8 *)cs.data();
    FcPatternAdd(pattern,FC_FAMILY,value,true);

    int slant_value = FC_SLANT_ROMAN;
    if (style == QFont::StyleItalic)
        slant_value = FC_SLANT_ITALIC;
    else if (style == QFont::StyleOblique)
        slant_value = FC_SLANT_OBLIQUE;
    FcPatternAddInteger(pattern, FC_SLANT, slant_value);

    if (script != QUnicodeTables::Common && *specialLanguages[script] != '\0') {
        Q_ASSERT(script < QUnicodeTables::ScriptCount);
        FcLangSet *ls = FcLangSetCreate();
        FcLangSetAdd(ls, (const FcChar8*)specialLanguages[script]);
        FcPatternAddLangSet(pattern, FC_LANG, ls);
        FcLangSetDestroy(ls);
    }

    const char *stylehint = getFcFamilyForStyleHint(styleHint);
    if (stylehint) {
        value.u.s = (const FcChar8 *)stylehint;
        FcPatternAddWeak(pattern, FC_FAMILY, value, FcTrue);
    }

    FcConfigSubstitute(0, pattern, FcMatchPattern);
    FcConfigSubstitute(0, pattern, FcMatchFont);

    FcResult result = FcResultMatch;
    FcFontSet *fontSet = FcFontSort(0,pattern,FcFalse,0,&result);

    if (fontSet && result == FcResultMatch)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < fontSet->nfont; i++) {
            FcChar8 *value = 0;
            if (FcPatternGetString(fontSet->fonts[i], FC_FAMILY, 0, &value) != FcResultMatch)
                continue;
            //         capitalize(value);
            QString familyName = QString::fromUtf8((const char *)value);
            if (!fallbackFamilies.contains(familyName,Qt::CaseInsensitive)) {
                fallbackFamilies << familyName;
            }

        }
    }
//    qDebug() << "fallbackFamilies for:" << family << fallbackFamilies;

    return fallbackFamilies;
}

	std::string FindDefaultFont()
	{
		std::string answer("/usr/share/fonts/liberation/LiberationSans-Regular.ttf");
		FcFontSet	*fs;
		FcPattern   *pat;
		FcResult	result;
		if (!FcInit())
		{
			return answer;
		}
		pat = FcNameParse((FcChar8 *)"LiberationSans-Regular.ttf");
		FcConfigSubstitute(0, pat, FcMatchPattern);
		FcDefaultSubstitute(pat);

		fs = FcFontSetCreate();
		FcPattern   *match;
		match = FcFontMatch(0, pat, &result);
		if (match)
		{
			FcChar8 *file;
			if (FcPatternGetString(match, FC_FILE, 0, &file) == FcResultMatch)
			{
				answer = (const char *)file;
			}
			FcPatternDestroy(match);
		}
		FcPatternDestroy(pat);
		FcFini();
		return answer;
	}

FcPattern *fcinfo_get_font(const FcChar8 *request)
{
  FcPattern *pattern, *match;
  FcResult r;
  FcChar8 *string;
  int integer;
  double double_num;

  pattern = fcinfo_name_parse((FcChar8 *) request);
  if (FcPatternGetString(pattern, FC_FAMILY, 0, &string)
      != FcResultMatch)
    FcPatternAddString(pattern, FC_FAMILY, (FcChar8 *)"sans-serif");
  if (FcPatternGetDouble(pattern, FC_PIXEL_SIZE, 0, &double_num)
      != FcResultMatch)
    FcPatternAddDouble(pattern, FC_PIXEL_SIZE, 12.0);
  if (FcPatternGetInteger(pattern, FC_WEIGHT, 0, &integer)
      != FcResultMatch)
    FcPatternAddInteger(pattern, FC_WEIGHT, FC_WEIGHT_REGULAR);
  if (FcPatternGetInteger(pattern, FC_SLANT, 0, &integer)
      != FcResultMatch)
    FcPatternAddInteger(pattern, FC_SLANT, FC_SLANT_ROMAN);
  if (FcPatternGetInteger(pattern, FC_WIDTH, 0, &integer)
      != FcResultMatch)
    FcPatternAddInteger(pattern, FC_WIDTH, FC_WIDTH_NORMAL);

  FcConfigSubstitute(NULL, pattern, FcMatchPattern);
  FcDefaultSubstitute(pattern);
  match = FcFontMatch(0, pattern, &r);
  assert(r == FcResultMatch);

  FcPatternDestroy(pattern);
  return match;
}

static string linuxFontPathByName(string fontname){
	string filename;
	FcPattern * pattern = FcNameParse((const FcChar8*)fontname.c_str());
	FcBool ret = FcConfigSubstitute(0,pattern,FcMatchPattern);
	if(!ret){
		ofLogError() << "linuxFontPathByName(): couldn't find font file or system font with name \"" << fontname << "\"";
		return "";
	}
	FcDefaultSubstitute(pattern);
	FcResult result;
	FcPattern * fontMatch=NULL;
	fontMatch = FcFontMatch(0,pattern,&result);

	if(!fontMatch){
		ofLogError() << "linuxFontPathByName(): couldn't match font file or system font with name \"" << fontname << "\"";
		return "";
	}
	FcChar8	*file;
	if (FcPatternGetString (fontMatch, FC_FILE, 0, &file) == FcResultMatch){
		filename = (const char*)file;
	}else{
		ofLogError() << "linuxFontPathByName(): couldn't find font match for \"" << fontname << "\"";
		return "";
	}
	return filename;
}

claro_font_t * claro_ft2_load_font(claro_font_backend_t * backend, claro_font_pattern_t * pattern, const char * lang_id)
{
    claro_ft2_backend * ft2_backend = (claro_ft2_backend *)backend;
    FcPattern * real_pattern = NULL, * test_pattern;
    int res;
    
    claro_font_t * font;    
    
    g_return_val_if_fail(ft2_backend != NULL, NULL);
    g_return_val_if_fail(pattern != NULL, NULL);
    // lang_id can be unspecified

    test_pattern = (FcPattern *)pattern->native;

    if(lang_id)
        FcPatternAddString (test_pattern, FC_LANG, lang_id);

    g_return_val_if_fail(FcConfigSubstitute(ft2_backend->config, test_pattern, FcMatchPattern), NULL);
    FcDefaultSubstitute(test_pattern);

    //TODO this sets res to "134524017" wtf?
    real_pattern = FcFontMatch(ft2_backend->config, test_pattern, NULL);                

    if(res != FcResultMatch)
    {
        printf("%s: res = %d\n", __FUNCTION__, res);
        FcPatternDestroy(real_pattern);     
        return NULL; 
    }
   
    font = _claro_ft2_make_font(real_pattern);

    return font;
}

bool sui_font_fromfc(sui_font *font, sui_library *l, char **error, FcPattern *pattern)
{
    FcResult res;
    FcConfig *config = FcConfigGetCurrent();
    if (!FcConfigSubstitute(config, pattern, FcMatchFont)) {
        *error = sui_aprintf("FcConfigSubstitute: Allocation failure");
        return false;
    }
    FcDefaultSubstitute(pattern);
    FcPattern *match = FcFontMatch(config, pattern, &res);
    if (res != FcResultMatch) {
        *error = sui_aprintf("FcFontMatch: %s", sui_result_name(res));
        return false;
    }
    FcChar8 *file;
    int index;
    res = FcPatternGetString(match, FC_FILE, 0, &file);
    if (res != FcResultMatch) {
        *error = sui_aprintf("FcPatternGetString FC_FILE: %s", sui_result_name(res));
        return false;
    }
    res = FcPatternGetInteger(match, FC_INDEX, 0, &index);
    if (res != FcResultMatch) {
        *error = sui_aprintf("FcPatternGetInteger FC_INDEX: %s", sui_result_name(res));
        return false;
    }
    FT_Error fterr;
    if ((fterr = FT_New_Face(l->library, (const char*)file, index, &font->face))) {
        *error = sui_aprintf("FT_New_Face: Error code %i", fterr);
        return false;
    }
    return font_fromfont(font, l, error, font->face);
}

// ----------------------------------------- font_manager_match_description ---
char *
font_manager_match_description( font_manager_t * self,
                                const char * family,
                                const float size,
                                const int bold,
                                const int italic )
{
// Use of fontconfig is disabled by default.
#if 1
    return 0;
#else
#  if defined _WIN32 || defined _WIN64
      fprintf( stderr, "\"font_manager_match_description\" not implemented for windows.\n" );
      return 0;
#  endif
    char *filename = 0;
    int weight = FC_WEIGHT_REGULAR;
    int slant = FC_SLANT_ROMAN;
    if ( bold )
    {
        weight = FC_WEIGHT_BOLD;
    }
    if( italic )
    {
        slant = FC_SLANT_ITALIC;
    }
    FcInit();
    FcPattern *pattern = FcPatternCreate();
    FcPatternAddDouble( pattern, FC_SIZE, size );
    FcPatternAddInteger( pattern, FC_WEIGHT, weight );
    FcPatternAddInteger( pattern, FC_SLANT, slant );
    FcPatternAddString( pattern, FC_FAMILY, (FcChar8*) family );
    FcConfigSubstitute( 0, pattern, FcMatchPattern );
    FcDefaultSubstitute( pattern );
    FcResult result;
    FcPattern *match = FcFontMatch( 0, pattern, &result );
    FcPatternDestroy( pattern );

    if ( !match )
    {
        fprintf( stderr, "fontconfig error: could not match family '%s'", family );
        return 0;
    }
    else
    {
        FcValue value;
        FcResult result = FcPatternGet( match, FC_FILE, 0, &value );
        if ( result )
        {
            fprintf( stderr, "fontconfig error: could not match family '%s'", family );
        }
        else
        {
            filename = strdup( (char *)(value.u.s) );
        }
    }
    FcPatternDestroy( match );
    return filename;
#endif
}

  /**
   * Match and create font from given fontconfig pattern
   */
  decltype(auto) make_font(cairo_t* cairo, string&& fontname, double offset, double dpi_x, double dpi_y) {
    static bool fc_init{false};
    if (!fc_init && !(fc_init = FcInit())) {
      throw application_error("Could not load fontconfig");
    } else if (FT_Init_FreeType(&g_ftlib) != FT_Err_Ok) {
      throw application_error("Could not load FreeType");
    }

    static auto fc_cleanup = scope_util::make_exit_handler([] {
      FT_Done_FreeType(g_ftlib);
      FcFini();
    });

    auto pattern = FcNameParse((FcChar8*)fontname.c_str());
    FcDefaultSubstitute(pattern);
    FcConfigSubstitute(nullptr, pattern, FcMatchPattern);

    FcResult result;
    FcPattern* match = FcFontMatch(nullptr, pattern, &result);
    FcPatternDestroy(pattern);

    if (match == nullptr) {
      throw application_error("Could not load font \"" + fontname + "\"");
    }

#ifdef DEBUG_FONTCONFIG
    FcPatternPrint(match);
#endif

    return make_shared<font_fc>(cairo, match, offset, dpi_x, dpi_y);
  }

static void initfonts(void)
{
    FcResult result;
    FcPattern *pat = FcPatternCreate();
    FcPatternAddString(pat, FC_FAMILY, (uint8_t*)"Roboto");
    FcConfigSubstitute(0, pat, FcMatchPattern);
    FcDefaultSubstitute(pat);
    fs = FcFontSort(NULL, pat, 0, &charset, &result);

    FcPatternDestroy(pat);

     #define F(x) (x * SCALE / 2.0)
    font[FONT_TEXT][0] = XftFontOpen(display, screen, XFT_FAMILY, XftTypeString, "Roboto", XFT_PIXEL_SIZE, XftTypeDouble, F(12.0), NULL);

    font[FONT_TITLE][0] = XftFontOpen(display, screen, XFT_FAMILY, XftTypeString, "Roboto", XFT_PIXEL_SIZE, XftTypeDouble, F(12.0), XFT_WEIGHT, XftTypeInteger, FC_WEIGHT_BOLD, NULL);

    font[FONT_SELF_NAME][0] = XftFontOpen(display, screen, XFT_FAMILY, XftTypeString, "Roboto", XFT_PIXEL_SIZE, XftTypeDouble, F(14.0), XFT_WEIGHT, XftTypeInteger, FC_WEIGHT_BOLD, NULL);
    font[FONT_STATUS][0] = XftFontOpen(display, screen, XFT_FAMILY, XftTypeString, "Roboto", XFT_PIXEL_SIZE, XftTypeDouble, F(11.0), NULL);

    font[FONT_LIST_NAME][0] = XftFontOpen(display, screen, XFT_FAMILY, XftTypeString, "Roboto", XFT_PIXEL_SIZE, XftTypeDouble, F(12.0), NULL);

    font[FONT_MSG][0] = XftFontOpen(display, screen, XFT_FAMILY, XftTypeString, "Roboto", XFT_PIXEL_SIZE, XftTypeDouble, F(11.0), XFT_WEIGHT, XftTypeInteger, FC_WEIGHT_LIGHT, NULL);
    font[FONT_MSG_NAME][0] = XftFontOpen(display, screen, XFT_FAMILY, XftTypeString, "Roboto", XFT_PIXEL_SIZE, XftTypeDouble, F(10.0), XFT_WEIGHT, XftTypeInteger, FC_WEIGHT_LIGHT, NULL);
    font[FONT_MISC][0] = XftFontOpen(display, screen, XFT_FAMILY, XftTypeString, "Roboto", XFT_PIXEL_SIZE, XftTypeDouble, F(10.0), NULL);
    font[FONT_MSG_LINK][0] = font[FONT_MSG][0];
    #undef F
}

// Thanks to http://stackoverflow.com/a/14634033/1447751
const std::string get_font_path(const std::string &name) {
	std::string path;
	const FcChar8 *fcname = reinterpret_cast<const FcChar8 *>(name.c_str());
	FcConfig *config      = FcInitLoadConfigAndFonts();

	// configure the search pattern,
	// assume "name" is a std::string with the desired font name in it
	FcPattern *pat = FcNameParse(fcname);
	FcConfigSubstitute(config, pat, FcMatchPattern);
	FcDefaultSubstitute(pat);

	FcResult result;
	// find the font
	FcPattern *font = FcFontMatch(config, pat, &result);
	if (font) {
		FcChar8 *fcpath   = NULL;
		FcChar8 *fcfamily = NULL;
		if (FcPatternGetString(font, FC_FAMILY, 0, &fcfamily) == FcResultMatch &&
		    (name.empty() || !FcStrCmpIgnoreCase(fcname, fcfamily)) // Empty name means searching for default font, otherwise make
		                                                            // sure the returned font is exactly what we searched for
		    &&
		    FcPatternGetString(font, FC_FILE, 0, &fcpath) == FcResultMatch)
			path = std::string(reinterpret_cast<char *>(fcpath));
		FcPatternDestroy(font);
	}

	FcPatternDestroy(pat);
	return path;
}

CAMLprim value pattern_font_sort(value plist, value trim)
{
  CAMLparam0();
  CAMLlocal2(res, nres);
  FcPattern *pat;
  FcFontSet *match;
  FcResult result;
  int i;

  pat = FcPattern_val(plist);
  FcConfigSubstitute(NULL, pat, FcMatchPattern);
  FcDefaultSubstitute(pat);

  match = FcFontSort(NULL, pat, Bool_val(trim) ? FcTrue : FcFalse, NULL, &result);

  /* Reconstruire la belle liste */
  res = Val_int(0); /* empty list */
  for(i = match->nfont; i >= 0; i--) {
    nres = caml_alloc(2, 0);
    Store_field(nres, 0, caml_copy_pattern(match->fonts[i]));
    Store_field(nres, 1, res);
    res = nres;
  }

  FcFontSetDestroy(match);
  FcPatternDestroy(pat);
  CAMLreturn(res);
}

static PyObject*
Py_Config_substitute(Py_Config *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    PyObject *py_pattern;

    static char *kwlist[] = {"pattern", NULL};

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(
            args, kwds, "O:substitute", kwlist,
            &py_pattern)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    if (Py_TYPE(py_pattern) != &Py_Pattern_Type) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "pattern must be Pattern object");
        return NULL;
    }

    if (!FcConfigSubstitute(self->x, ((Py_Pattern *)py_pattern)->x, FcMatchFont)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "Out of memory");
        return NULL;
    }

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

FontPlatformData* FontCache::createFontPlatformData(const FontDescription& fontDescription, const AtomicString& family)
{
    // The CSS font matching algorithm (http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-fonts/#font-matching-algorithm)
    // says that we must find an exact match for font family, slant (italic or oblique can be used)
    // and font weight (we only match bold/non-bold here).
    RefPtr<FcPattern> pattern = adoptRef(FcPatternCreate());
    String familyNameString(getFamilyNameStringFromFontDescriptionAndFamily(fontDescription, family));
    if (!FcPatternAddString(pattern.get(), FC_FAMILY, reinterpret_cast<const FcChar8*>(familyNameString.utf8().data())))
        return 0;

    bool italic = fontDescription.italic();
    if (!FcPatternAddInteger(pattern.get(), FC_SLANT, italic ? FC_SLANT_ITALIC : FC_SLANT_ROMAN))
        return 0;
    if (!FcPatternAddInteger(pattern.get(), FC_WEIGHT, fontWeightToFontconfigWeight(fontDescription.weight())))
        return 0;
    if (!FcPatternAddDouble(pattern.get(), FC_PIXEL_SIZE, fontDescription.computedPixelSize()))
        return 0;

    // The strategy is originally from Skia (src/ports/SkFontHost_fontconfig.cpp):

    // Allow Fontconfig to do pre-match substitution. Unless we are accessing a "fallback"
    // family like "sans," this is the only time we allow Fontconfig to substitute one
    // family name for another (i.e. if the fonts are aliased to each other).
    FcConfigSubstitute(0, pattern.get(), FcMatchPattern);
    FcDefaultSubstitute(pattern.get());

    FcChar8* fontConfigFamilyNameAfterConfiguration;
    FcPatternGetString(pattern.get(), FC_FAMILY, 0, &fontConfigFamilyNameAfterConfiguration);
    String familyNameAfterConfiguration = String::fromUTF8(reinterpret_cast<char*>(fontConfigFamilyNameAfterConfiguration));

    FcResult fontConfigResult;
    RefPtr<FcPattern> resultPattern = adoptRef(FcFontMatch(0, pattern.get(), &fontConfigResult));
    if (!resultPattern) // No match.
        return 0;

    FcChar8* fontConfigFamilyNameAfterMatching;
    FcPatternGetString(resultPattern.get(), FC_FAMILY, 0, &fontConfigFamilyNameAfterMatching);
    String familyNameAfterMatching = String::fromUTF8(reinterpret_cast<char*>(fontConfigFamilyNameAfterMatching));

    // If Fontconfig gave use a different font family than the one we requested, we should ignore it
    // and allow WebCore to give us the next font on the CSS fallback list. The only exception is if
    // this family name is a commonly used generic family.
    if (!equalIgnoringCase(familyNameAfterConfiguration, familyNameAfterMatching)
            && !(equalIgnoringCase(familyNameString, "sans") || equalIgnoringCase(familyNameString, "sans-serif")
                 || equalIgnoringCase(familyNameString, "serif") || equalIgnoringCase(familyNameString, "monospace")
                 || equalIgnoringCase(familyNameString, "fantasy") || equalIgnoringCase(familyNameString, "cursive")))
        return 0;

    // Verify that this font has an encoding compatible with Fontconfig. Fontconfig currently
    // supports three encodings in FcFreeTypeCharIndex: Unicode, Symbol and AppleRoman.
    // If this font doesn't have one of these three encodings, don't select it.
    FontPlatformData* platformData = new FontPlatformData(resultPattern.get(), fontDescription);
    if (!platformData->hasCompatibleCharmap()) {
        delete platformData;
        return 0;
    }

    return platformData;
}

fz_error *
pdf_loadbuiltinfont(pdf_font *font, char *basefont)
{
	fz_error *error;
	FcResult fcerr;
	int fterr;

	FcPattern *searchpat;
	FcPattern *matchpat;
	FT_Face face;
	char *pattern;
	char *file;
	int index;
	int i;

	error = initfontlibs();
	if (error)
		return error;

	pattern = basefont;
	for (i = 0; i < 14; i++)
		if (!strcmp(basefont, basenames[i]))
			pattern = basepatterns[i];

	pdf_logfont("load builtin %s\n", pattern);

	fcerr = FcResultMatch;
	searchpat = FcNameParse(pattern);
	FcDefaultSubstitute(searchpat);
	FcConfigSubstitute(fclib, searchpat, FcMatchPattern);

	matchpat = FcFontMatch(fclib, searchpat, &fcerr);
	if (fcerr != FcResultMatch)
		return fz_throw("fontconfig could not find font %s", pattern);

	fcerr = FcPatternGetString(matchpat, FC_FILE, 0, (FcChar8**)&file);
	if (fcerr != FcResultMatch)
		return fz_throw("fontconfig could not find font %s", pattern);

	index = 0;
	fcerr = FcPatternGetInteger(matchpat, FC_INDEX, 0, &index);

	pdf_logfont("load font file %s %d\n", file, index);

	fterr = FT_New_Face(ftlib, file, index, &face);
	if (fterr)
		return fz_throw("freetype could not load font file '%s': %s", file, pdf_fterrorstring(fterr));

	FcPatternDestroy(matchpat);
	FcPatternDestroy(searchpat);

	font->ftface = face;

	return nil;
}

FontFileLister::CollectionResult FontConfigFontFileLister::GetFontPaths(std::string const& facename, int bold, bool italic, std::set<wxUniChar> const& characters) {
	CollectionResult ret;

	std::string family(facename);
	if (family[0] == '@')
		family.erase(0, 1);
	boost::to_lower(family);

	int weight = bold == 0 ? 80 :
	             bold == 1 ? 200 :
	                         bold;
	int slant  = italic ? 110 : 0;

	// Create a fontconfig pattern to match the desired weight/slant
	agi::scoped_holder<FcPattern*> pat(FcPatternCreate(), FcPatternDestroy);
	if (!pat) return ret;

	FcPatternAddBool(pat, FC_OUTLINE, true);
	FcPatternAddInteger(pat, FC_SLANT, slant);
	FcPatternAddInteger(pat, FC_WEIGHT, weight);

	FcDefaultSubstitute(pat);
	if (!FcConfigSubstitute(config, pat, FcMatchPattern)) return ret;

	// Create a font set with only correctly named fonts
	// This is needed because the patterns returned by font matching only
	// include the first family and fullname, so we can't always verify that
	// we got the actual font we were asking for after the fact
	agi::scoped_holder<FcFontSet*> fset(FcFontSetCreate(), FcFontSetDestroy);
	find_font(FcConfigGetFonts(config, FcSetApplication), fset, family);
	find_font(FcConfigGetFonts(config, FcSetSystem), fset, family);

	// Get the best match from fontconfig
	FcResult result;
	FcFontSet *sets[] = { (FcFontSet*)fset };
	agi::scoped_holder<FcPattern*> match(FcFontSetMatch(config, sets, 1, pat, &result), FcPatternDestroy);
	if (!match)
		return ret;

	FcChar8 *file;
	if(FcPatternGetString(match, FC_FILE, 0, &file) != FcResultMatch)
		return ret;

	FcCharSet *charset;
	if (FcPatternGetCharSet(match, FC_CHARSET, 0, &charset) == FcResultMatch) {
		for (wxUniChar chr : characters) {
			if (!FcCharSetHasChar(charset, chr))
				ret.missing += chr;
		}
	}

	ret.paths.emplace_back((const char *)file);
	return ret;
}

	std::string FontConfig::match_font(const std::string &typeface_name, const FontDescription &desc) const
	{
		FcPattern * fc_pattern = nullptr;
		FcPattern * fc_match = nullptr;
		try
		{
			int weight = static_cast<int>(desc.get_weight());

			// Build font matching pattern.
			fc_pattern = FcPatternBuild(nullptr,
				FC_FAMILY, FcTypeString, typeface_name.c_str(),
				FC_PIXEL_SIZE, FcTypeDouble, (double)std::abs(desc.get_height()),
				FC_WEIGHT, FcTypeInteger, (weight > 0) ? (int)(weight * (FC_WEIGHT_HEAVY / 900.0)) : FC_WEIGHT_NORMAL,
				FC_SLANT, FcTypeInteger, (desc.get_style() == clan::FontStyle::italic) ? FC_SLANT_ITALIC : ((desc.get_style() == clan::FontStyle::oblique) ? FC_SLANT_OBLIQUE : FC_SLANT_ROMAN),
				FC_SPACING, FcTypeInteger, FC_PROPORTIONAL,
				(char*) nullptr
				);
			if (!fc_pattern)
			{
				throw Exception("CL_FontConfig: Building FontConfig pattern failed.");
			}

			// Execute any needed param substitutions required by the system config.
			if (FcTrue != FcConfigSubstitute(fc_config, fc_pattern, FcMatchPattern))
			{
				throw Exception("CL_FontConfig: Font config substitutions failed.");
			}

			// Supply default values for underspecified font patterns. Never fails.
			FcDefaultSubstitute(fc_pattern);

			// Find best match for pattern and extract filename.
			FcResult match_result; // Doesn't appear to be actually updated.
			fc_match = FcFontMatch(fc_config, fc_pattern, &match_result);
			FcChar8 * fc_font_file_path = nullptr;
			if (FcResultMatch != FcPatternGetString(fc_match, FC_FILE, 0, &fc_font_file_path))
			{
				throw Exception("CL_FontConfig: Could not resolve font pattern to a font file.");
			}

			// Release resources and return results.
			std::string cl_font_file_path((char*)fc_font_file_path);
			FcPatternDestroy(fc_match);
			FcPatternDestroy(fc_pattern);
			return cl_font_file_path;
		}
		catch (...)
		{
			// If any exceptions thrown, ensure fontconfig resources are released.
			if (fc_match) FcPatternDestroy(fc_match);
			if (fc_pattern) FcPatternDestroy(fc_pattern);
			throw;
		}
	}

static cairo_scaled_font_t *
create_scaled_font (cairo_t * cr)
{
    FcPattern *pattern, *resolved;
    FcResult result;
    cairo_font_face_t *font_face;
    cairo_scaled_font_t *scaled_font;
    cairo_font_options_t *font_options;
    cairo_matrix_t font_matrix, ctm;
    double pixel_size;

    font_options = cairo_font_options_create ();

    cairo_get_font_options (cr, font_options);

    pattern = FcPatternCreate ();

    FcPatternAddString (pattern, FC_FAMILY, (FcChar8 *)"Bitstream Vera Sans");
    FcPatternAddDouble (pattern, FC_PIXEL_SIZE, TEXT_SIZE);
    FcConfigSubstitute (NULL, pattern, FcMatchPattern);

    cairo_ft_font_options_substitute (font_options, pattern);

    FcDefaultSubstitute (pattern);
    resolved = FcFontMatch (NULL, pattern, &result);

    /* set layout to vertical */
    FcPatternDel (resolved, FC_VERTICAL_LAYOUT);
    FcPatternAddBool (resolved, FC_VERTICAL_LAYOUT, FcTrue);

    FcPatternGetDouble (resolved, FC_PIXEL_SIZE, 0, &pixel_size);

    font_face = cairo_ft_font_face_create_for_pattern (resolved);

    cairo_matrix_init_translate (&font_matrix, 10, 30);
    cairo_matrix_rotate (&font_matrix, M_PI_2/3);
    cairo_matrix_scale (&font_matrix, pixel_size, pixel_size);

    cairo_get_matrix (cr, &ctm);

    scaled_font = cairo_scaled_font_create (font_face,
					    &font_matrix,
					    &ctm,
					    font_options);

    cairo_font_options_destroy (font_options);
    cairo_font_face_destroy (font_face);
    FcPatternDestroy (pattern);
    FcPatternDestroy (resolved);

    return scaled_font;
}

// ------------------------------------------------------ match_description ---
char *
//match_description( char * description )
match_description( const char * face, bool bold=false, bool italic=false )
{

#if (defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
    fprintf( stderr, "\"font_manager_match_description\" "
                     "not implemented for windows.\n" );
    return 0;
#endif

    char *filename = 0;
    FcInit();
    //FcPattern *pattern = FcNameParse((const FcChar8*)description);
    FcPattern *pattern = FcPatternCreate();
    if(!pattern)
    {
        fprintf( stderr, "fontconfig error: could not match face '%s'", face );
        return 0;
    }
    FcPatternAddString(pattern, FC_FAMILY, (const FcChar8*)face);
    FcPatternAddInteger(pattern, FC_WEIGHT, bold?FC_WEIGHT_BOLD:FC_WEIGHT_REGULAR);
    FcPatternAddInteger(pattern, FC_SLANT, italic?FC_SLANT_ITALIC:FC_SLANT_ROMAN);
    FcConfigSubstitute( 0, pattern, FcMatchPattern );
    FcDefaultSubstitute( pattern );
    FcResult result;
    FcPattern *match = FcFontMatch( 0, pattern, &result );
    FcPatternDestroy( pattern );

    if ( !match )
    {
        fprintf( stderr, "fontconfig error: could not match face '%s'", face );
        return 0;
    }
    else
    {
        FcValue value;
        FcResult result = FcPatternGet( match, FC_FILE, 0, &value );
        if ( result )
        {
            fprintf( stderr, "fontconfig error: could not match face '%s'", face );
        }
        else
        {
            filename = strdup( (char *)(value.u.s) );
        }
    }
    FcPatternDestroy( match );
    return filename;
}

void Rcairo_set_font(int i, const char *fcname){
	FcFontSet	*fs;
	FcPattern   *pat, *match;
	FcResult	result;
	FcChar8	*file;
	int j;

	if (Rcairo_fonts[i].face != NULL){
		cairo_font_face_destroy(Rcairo_fonts[i].face);
		Rcairo_fonts[i].face = NULL;
	}

	pat = FcNameParse((FcChar8 *)fcname);
	if (!pat){
		error("Problem with font config library in Rcairo_set_font\n");
		return;
	}
	FcConfigSubstitute (0, pat, FcMatchPattern);
	FcDefaultSubstitute (pat);

	fs = FcFontSetCreate ();
	match = FcFontMatch (0, pat, &result);
	FcPatternDestroy (pat);
	if (match) {
		FcFontSetAdd (fs, match);
	} else {
		error("No font found in Rcairo_set_font");
		FcFontSetDestroy (fs);
		return;
	}

	/* should be at least one font face in fontset */
	if (fs) {

		for (j = 0; j < fs->nfont; j++) {

			/* Need to make sure a real font file exists */
			if (FcPatternGetString (fs->fonts[j], FC_FILE, 0, &file) == FcResultMatch){
				Rcairo_fonts[i].face = Rcairo_set_font_face(i,(const char *)file);
				break;
			}
		}
		FcFontSetDestroy (fs);
		Rcairo_fonts[i].updated = 1;
	} else {
		error("No font found Rcairo_set_font");
	}

}