/*!
 * \brief   bbufferCreate()
 *
 * \param[in]    indata address in memory [optional]
 * \param[in]    nalloc size of byte array to be alloc'd 0 for default
 * \return  bbuffer, or NULL on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) If a buffer address is given, you should read all the data in.
 *      (2) Allocates a bbuffer with associated byte array of
 *          the given size.  If a buffer address is given,
 *          it then reads the number of bytes into the byte array.
 * </pre>
 */
L_BBUFFER *
bbufferCreate(l_uint8  *indata,
              l_int32   nalloc)
{
L_BBUFFER  *bb;

    PROCNAME("bbufferCreate");

    if (nalloc <= 0)
        nalloc = INITIAL_BUFFER_ARRAYSIZE;

    if ((bb = (L_BBUFFER *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(L_BBUFFER))) == NULL)
        return (L_BBUFFER *)ERROR_PTR("bb not made", procName, NULL);
    if ((bb->array = (l_uint8 *)LEPT_CALLOC(nalloc, sizeof(l_uint8))) == NULL) {
        LEPT_FREE(bb);
        return (L_BBUFFER *)ERROR_PTR("byte array not made", procName, NULL);
    }
    bb->nalloc = nalloc;
    bb->nwritten = 0;

    if (indata) {
        memcpy((l_uint8 *)bb->array, indata, nalloc);
        bb->n = nalloc;
    } else {
        bb->n = 0;
    }

    return bb;
}

/*!
 * \brief   boxaaQuadtreeRegions()
 *
 * \param[in]    w, h     size of pix that is being quadtree-ized
 * \param[in]    nlevels  number of levels in quadtree
 * \return  baa for quadtree regions at each level, or NULL on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) The returned boxaa has %nlevels of boxa, each containing
 *          the set of rectangles at that level.  The rectangle at
 *          level 0 is the entire region; at level 1 the region is
 *          divided into 4 rectangles, and at level n there are n^4
 *          rectangles.
 *      (2) At each level, the rectangles in the boxa are in "raster"
 *          order, with LR (fast scan) and TB (slow scan).
 * </pre>
 */
BOXAA *
boxaaQuadtreeRegions(l_int32  w,
                     l_int32  h,
                     l_int32  nlevels)
{
l_int32   i, j, k, maxpts, nside, nbox, bw, bh;
l_int32  *xstart, *xend, *ystart, *yend;
BOX      *box;
BOXA     *boxa;
BOXAA    *baa;

    PROCNAME("boxaaQuadtreeRegions");

    if (nlevels < 1)
        return (BOXAA *)ERROR_PTR("nlevels must be >= 1", procName, NULL);
    if (w < (1 << (nlevels - 1)))
        return (BOXAA *)ERROR_PTR("w doesn't support nlevels", procName, NULL);
    if (h < (1 << (nlevels - 1)))
        return (BOXAA *)ERROR_PTR("h doesn't support nlevels", procName, NULL);

    baa = boxaaCreate(nlevels);
    maxpts = 1 << (nlevels - 1);
    xstart = (l_int32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(maxpts, sizeof(l_int32));
    xend = (l_int32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(maxpts, sizeof(l_int32));
    ystart = (l_int32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(maxpts, sizeof(l_int32));
    yend = (l_int32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(maxpts, sizeof(l_int32));
    for (k = 0; k < nlevels; k++) {
        nside = 1 << k;  /* number of boxes in each direction */
        for (i = 0; i < nside; i++) {
            xstart[i] = (w - 1) * i / nside;
            if (i > 0) xstart[i]++;
            xend[i] = (w - 1) * (i + 1) / nside;
            ystart[i] = (h - 1) * i / nside;
            if (i > 0) ystart[i]++;
            yend[i] = (h - 1) * (i + 1) / nside;
#if DEBUG_BOXES
            fprintf(stderr,
               "k = %d, xs[%d] = %d, xe[%d] = %d, ys[%d] = %d, ye[%d] = %d\n",
                    k, i, xstart[i], i, xend[i], i, ystart[i], i, yend[i]);
#endif  /* DEBUG_BOXES */
        }
        nbox = 1 << (2 * k);
        boxa = boxaCreate(nbox);
        for (i = 0; i < nside; i++) {
            bh = yend[i] - ystart[i] + 1;
            for (j = 0; j < nside; j++) {
                bw = xend[j] - xstart[j] + 1;
                box = boxCreate(xstart[j], ystart[i], bw, bh);
                boxaAddBox(boxa, box, L_INSERT);
            }
        }
        boxaaAddBoxa(baa, boxa, L_INSERT);
    }

    LEPT_FREE(xstart);
    LEPT_FREE(xend);
    LEPT_FREE(ystart);
    LEPT_FREE(yend);
    return baa;
}

/*!
 * \brief   sudokuCreate()
 *
 * \param[in]    array of 81 numbers, 9 rows of 9 numbers each
 * \return  l_sudoku, or NULL on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) The input array has 0 for the unknown values, and 1-9
 *          for the known initial values.  It is generated from
 *          a file using sudokuReadInput(), which checks that the file
 *          data has 81 numbers in 9 rows.
 * </pre>
 */
L_SUDOKU *
sudokuCreate(l_int32  *array)
{
l_int32    i, val, locs_index;
L_SUDOKU  *sud;

    PROCNAME("sudokuCreate");

    if (!array)
        return (L_SUDOKU *)ERROR_PTR("array not defined", procName, NULL);

    locs_index = 0;  /* into locs array */
    sud = (L_SUDOKU *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(L_SUDOKU));
    sud->locs = (l_int32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(81, sizeof(l_int32));
    sud->init = (l_int32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(81, sizeof(l_int32));
    sud->state = (l_int32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(81, sizeof(l_int32));
    for (i = 0; i < 81; i++) {
        val = array[i];
        sud->init[i] = val;
        sud->state[i] = val;
        if (val == 0)
            sud->locs[locs_index++] = i;
    }
    sud->num = locs_index;
    sud->failure = FALSE;
    sud->finished = FALSE;
    return sud;
}

/*!
 * \brief   recogCreateDid()
 *
 * \param[in]    recog
 * \param[in]    pixs of 1 bpp image to match
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 */
l_int32
recogCreateDid(L_RECOG  *recog,
               PIX      *pixs)
{
l_int32      i;
PIX         *pixt;
L_RDID  *did;

    PROCNAME("recogCreateDid");

    if (!recog)
        return ERROR_INT("recog not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);

    recogDestroyDid(recog);

    did = (L_RDID *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(L_RDID));
    recog->did = did;
    did->pixs = pixClone(pixs);
    did->narray = recog->setsize;
    did->size = pixGetWidth(pixs);
    did->natempl = numaCreate(5);
    did->naxloc = numaCreate(5);
    did->nadely = numaCreate(5);
    did->nawidth = numaCreate(5);
    did->nascore = numaCreate(5);
    did->natempl_r = numaCreate(5);
    did->naxloc_r = numaCreate(5);
    did->nadely_r = numaCreate(5);
    did->nawidth_r = numaCreate(5);
    did->nascore_r = numaCreate(5);

        /* Make the arrays */
    did->setwidth = (l_int32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(did->narray, sizeof(l_int32));
    did->counta = (l_int32 **)LEPT_CALLOC(did->narray, sizeof(l_int32 *));
    did->delya = (l_int32 **)LEPT_CALLOC(did->narray, sizeof(l_int32 *));
    did->beta = (l_float32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(5, sizeof(l_float32));
    did->gamma = (l_float32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(5, sizeof(l_float32));
    did->trellisscore = (l_float32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(did->size, sizeof(l_float32));
    did->trellistempl = (l_int32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(did->size, sizeof(l_int32));
    for (i = 0; i < did->narray; i++) {
        did->counta[i] = (l_int32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(did->size, sizeof(l_int32));
        did->delya[i] = (l_int32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(did->size, sizeof(l_int32));
    }

        /* Populate the setwidth array */
    for (i = 0; i < did->narray; i++) {
        pixt = pixaGetPix(recog->pixa_u, i, L_CLONE);
        did->setwidth[i] = (l_int32)(SetwidthFraction * pixGetWidth(pixt));
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
    }

    return 0;
}

/*!
 * \brief   bbufferDestroyAndSaveData()
 *
 * \param[in,out]   pbb buffer to be nulled
 * \param[out]      pnbytes  number of bytes saved in array
 * \return  barray newly allocated array of data
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) Copies data to newly allocated array; then destroys the bbuffer.
 * </pre>
 */
l_uint8 *
bbufferDestroyAndSaveData(L_BBUFFER  **pbb,
                          size_t      *pnbytes)
{
l_uint8    *array;
size_t      nbytes;
L_BBUFFER  *bb;

    PROCNAME("bbufferDestroyAndSaveData");

    if (pbb == NULL) {
        L_WARNING("ptr address is NULL\n", procName);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (pnbytes == NULL) {
        L_WARNING("&nbytes is NULL\n", procName);
        bbufferDestroy(pbb);
        return NULL;
    }

    if ((bb = *pbb) == NULL)
        return NULL;

        /* write all unwritten bytes out to a new array */
    nbytes = bb->n - bb->nwritten;
    *pnbytes = nbytes;
    if ((array = (l_uint8 *)LEPT_CALLOC(nbytes, sizeof(l_uint8))) == NULL) {
        L_WARNING("calloc failure for array\n", procName);
        return NULL;
    }
    memcpy((void *)array, (void *)(bb->array + bb->nwritten), nbytes);

    bbufferDestroy(pbb);
    return array;
}

/*!
 * \brief   makeMSBitLocTab()
 *
 * \param[in]    bitval either 0 or 1
 * \return  table giving, for an input byte, the MS bit location,
 *                     starting at 0 with the MSBit in the byte,
 *                     or NULL on error.
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) If bitval == 1, it finds the leftmost ON pixel in a byte;
 *          otherwise if bitval == 0, it finds the leftmost OFF pixel.
 *      (2) If there are no pixels of the indicated color in the byte,
 *          this returns 8.
 * </pre>
 */
l_int32 *
makeMSBitLocTab(l_int32  bitval)
{
l_int32   i, j;
l_int32  *tab;
l_uint8   byte, mask;

    PROCNAME("makeMSBitLocTab");

    if ((tab = (l_int32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(256, sizeof(l_int32))) == NULL)
        return (l_int32 *)ERROR_PTR("tab not made", procName, NULL);

    for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
        byte = (l_uint8)i;
        if (bitval == 0)
            byte = ~byte;
        tab[i] = 8;
        mask = 0x80;
        for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
            if (byte & mask) {
                tab[i] = j;
                break;
            }
            mask >>= 1;
        }
    }

    return tab;
}

static l_uint32 *
makeExpandTab4x(void)
{
    l_uint32  *tab;
    l_int32    i;

    PROCNAME("makeExpandTab4x");

    if ((tab = (l_uint32 *) LEPT_CALLOC(256, sizeof(l_uint32))) == NULL)
        return (l_uint32 *)ERROR_PTR("tab not made", procName, NULL);

    for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
        if (i & 0x01)
            tab[i] = 0xf;
        if (i & 0x02)
            tab[i] |= 0xf0;
        if (i & 0x04)
            tab[i] |= 0xf00;
        if (i & 0x08)
            tab[i] |= 0xf000;
        if (i & 0x10)
            tab[i] |= 0xf0000;
        if (i & 0x20)
            tab[i] |= 0xf00000;
        if (i & 0x40)
            tab[i] |= 0xf000000;
        if (i & 0x80)
            tab[i] |= 0xf0000000;
    }

    return tab;
}

/*!
 * \brief   jpeg_comment_callback()
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) This is used to read the jpeg comment (JPEG_COM).
 *          See the note above the declaration for why it returns
 *          a "boolean".
 */
static boolean
jpeg_comment_callback(j_decompress_ptr cinfo)
{
l_int32                length, i;
l_uint8               *comment;
struct callback_data  *pcb_data;

        /* Get the size of the comment */
    length = jpeg_getc(cinfo) << 8;
    length += jpeg_getc(cinfo);
    length -= 2;
    if (length <= 0)
        return 1;

        /* Extract the comment from the file */
    if ((comment = (l_uint8 *)LEPT_CALLOC(length + 1, sizeof(l_uint8))) == NULL)
        return 0;
    for (i = 0; i < length; i++)
        comment[i] = jpeg_getc(cinfo);

        /* Save the comment and return */
    pcb_data = (struct callback_data *)cinfo->client_data;
    pcb_data->comment = comment;
    return 1;
}

/*!
 *  barcodeDecode39()
 *
 *      Input:  barstr (of widths, in set {1, 2})
 *              debugflag
 *      Return: data (string of digits), or null if none found or on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) Ref:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code39
 *                http://morovia.com/education/symbology/code39.asp
 *      (2) Each symbol has 5 black and 4 white bars.
 *          The start and stop codes are 121121211 (the asterisk)
 *      (3) This decoder was contributed by Roger Hyde.
 */
static char *
barcodeDecode39(char    *barstr,
                l_int32  debugflag)
{
char     *data, *vbarstr;
char      code[10];
l_int32   valid, reverse, i, j, len, error, nsymb, start, found;

    PROCNAME("barcodeDecode39");

    if (!barstr)
        return (char *)ERROR_PTR("barstr not defined", procName, NULL);

        /* Verify format; reverse if necessary */
    barcodeVerifyFormat(barstr, L_BF_CODE39, &valid, &reverse);
    if (!valid)
        return (char *)ERROR_PTR("barstr not in code39 format", procName, NULL);
    if (reverse)
        vbarstr = stringReverse(barstr);
    else
        vbarstr = stringNew(barstr);

        /* Verify size */
    len = strlen(vbarstr);
    if ((len + 1) % 10 != 0)
        return (char *)ERROR_PTR("size+1 not divisible by 10: invalid code 39",
                                 procName, NULL);

        /* Decode the symbols */
    nsymb = (len - 19) / 10;
    data = (char *)LEPT_CALLOC(nsymb + 1, sizeof(char));
    memset(code, 0, 10);
    error = FALSE;
    for (i = 0; i < nsymb; i++) {
        start = 10 + 10 * i;
        for (j = 0; j < 9; j++)
            code[j] = vbarstr[start + j];

        if (debugflag)
            fprintf(stderr, "code: %s\n", code);

        found = FALSE;
        for (j = 0; j < C39_START; j++) {
            if (!strcmp(code, Code39[j])) {
                data[i] = Code39Val[j];
                found = TRUE;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (!found) error = TRUE;
    }
    LEPT_FREE(vbarstr);

    if (error) {
        LEPT_FREE(data);
        return (char *)ERROR_PTR("error in decoding", procName, NULL);
    }

    return data;
}

/*!
 * \brief   l_productMat4()
 *
 * \param[in]    mat1  square matrix, as a 1-dimensional size^2 array
 * \param[in]    mat2  square matrix, as a 1-dimensional size^2 array
 * \param[in]    mat3  square matrix, as a 1-dimensional size^2 array
 * \param[in]    mat4  square matrix, as a 1-dimensional size^2 array
 * \param[in]    matd  square matrix; product stored here
 * \param[in]    size  of matrices
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 */
l_int32
l_productMat4(l_float32  *mat1,
              l_float32  *mat2,
              l_float32  *mat3,
              l_float32  *mat4,
              l_float32  *matd,
              l_int32     size)
{
l_float32  *matt;

    PROCNAME("l_productMat4");

    if (!mat1)
        return ERROR_INT("matrix 1 not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!mat2)
        return ERROR_INT("matrix 2 not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!mat3)
        return ERROR_INT("matrix 3 not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!matd)
        return ERROR_INT("result matrix not defined", procName, 1);

    if ((matt = (l_float32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(size * size, sizeof(l_float32))) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("matt not made", procName, 1);
    l_productMat3(mat1, mat2, mat3, matt, size);
    l_productMat2(matt, mat4, matd, size);
    LEPT_FREE(matt);
    return 0;
}

/*!
 *  barcodeDecode2of5()
 *
 *      Input:  barstr (of widths, in set {1, 2})
 *              debugflag
 *      Return: data (string of digits), or null if none found or on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-out-of-five_code (Note:
 *                 the codes given here are wrong!)
 *               http://morovia.com/education/symbology/code25.asp
 *      (2) This is a very low density encoding for the 10 digits.
 *          Each digit is encoded with 5 black bars, of which 2 are wide
 *          and 3 are narrow.  No information is carried in the spaces
 *          between the bars, which are all equal in width, represented by
 *          a "1" in our encoding.
 *      (3) The mapping from the sequence of five bar widths to the
 *          digit is identical to the mapping used by the interleaved
 *          2 of 5 code.  The start code is 21211, representing two
 *          wide bars and a narrow bar, and the interleaved "1" spaces
 *          are explicit.  The stop code is 21112.  For all codes
 *          (including start and stop), the trailing space "1" is
 *          implicit -- there is no reason to represent it in the
 *          Code2of5[] array.
 */
static char *
barcodeDecode2of5(char    *barstr,
                  l_int32  debugflag)
{
char    *data, *vbarstr;
char     code[10];
l_int32  valid, reverse, i, j, len, error, ndigits, start, found;

    PROCNAME("barcodeDecodeI2of5");

    if (!barstr)
        return (char *)ERROR_PTR("barstr not defined", procName, NULL);

        /* Verify format; reverse if necessary */
    barcodeVerifyFormat(barstr, L_BF_CODE2OF5, &valid, &reverse);
    if (!valid)
        return (char *)ERROR_PTR("barstr not in 2of5 format", procName, NULL);
    if (reverse)
        vbarstr = stringReverse(barstr);
    else
        vbarstr = stringNew(barstr);

        /* Verify size */
    len = strlen(vbarstr);
    if ((len - 11) % 10 != 0)
        return (char *)ERROR_PTR("size not divisible by 10: invalid 2of5 code",
                                 procName, NULL);

    error = FALSE;
    ndigits = (len - 11) / 10;
    data = (char *)LEPT_CALLOC(ndigits + 1, sizeof(char));
    memset(code, 0, 10);
    for (i = 0; i < ndigits; i++) {
        start = 6 + 10 * i;
        for (j = 0; j < 9; j++)
            code[j] = vbarstr[start + j];

        if (debugflag)
            fprintf(stderr, "code: %s\n", code);

        found = FALSE;
        for (j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
            if (!strcmp(code, Code2of5[j])) {
                data[i] = 0x30 + j;
                found = TRUE;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (!found) error = TRUE;
    }
    LEPT_FREE(vbarstr);

    if (error) {
        LEPT_FREE(data);
        return (char *)ERROR_PTR("error in decoding", procName, NULL);
    }

    return data;
}

/*!
 *  recogCreate()
 *
 *      Input:  scalew  (scale all widths to this; use 0 for no scaling)
 *              scaleh  (scale all heights to this; use 0 for no scaling)
 *              templ_type (L_USE_AVERAGE or L_USE_ALL)
 *              threshold (for binarization; typically ~128)
 *              maxyshift (from nominal centroid alignment; typically 0 or 1)
 *      Return: recog, or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) For a set trained on one font, such as numbers in a book,
 *          it is sensible to set scalew = scaleh = 0.
 *      (2) For a mixed training set, scaling to a fixed height,
 *          such as 32 pixels, but leaving the width unscaled, is effective.
 *      (3) The storage for most of the arrays is allocated when training
 *          is finished.
 */
L_RECOG *
recogCreate(l_int32      scalew,
            l_int32      scaleh,
            l_int32      templ_type,
            l_int32      threshold,
            l_int32      maxyshift)
{
L_RECOG  *recog;
PIXA     *pixa;
PIXAA    *paa;

    PROCNAME("recogCreate");

    if (scalew < 0 || scaleh < 0)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("invalid scalew or scaleh", procName, NULL);
    if (templ_type != L_USE_AVERAGE && templ_type != L_USE_ALL)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("invalid templ_type flag", procName, NULL);
    if (threshold < 1 || threshold > 255)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("invalid threshold", procName, NULL);

    if ((recog = (L_RECOG *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(L_RECOG))) == NULL)
        return (L_RECOG *)ERROR_PTR("rec not made", procName, NULL);
    recog->templ_type = templ_type;
    recog->threshold = threshold;
    recog->scalew = scalew;
    recog->scaleh = scaleh;
    recog->maxyshift = maxyshift;
    recog->asperity_fr = DEFAULT_ASPERITY_FRACT;
    recogSetPadParams(recog, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1);
    recog->bmf = bmfCreate(NULL, 6);
    recog->bmf_size = 6;
    recog->maxarraysize = MAX_EXAMPLES_IN_CLASS;
    recog->index = -1;

        /* Generate the LUTs */
    recog->centtab = makePixelCentroidTab8();
    recog->sumtab = makePixelSumTab8();
    recog->sa_text = sarrayCreate(0);
    recog->dna_tochar = l_dnaCreate(0);

        /* Input default values for min component size for splitting.
         * These are overwritten when pixTrainingFinished() is called. */
    recog->min_splitw = 6;
    recog->min_splith = 6;
    recog->max_splith = 60;

        /* Generate the storage for the unscaled training bitmaps */
    paa = pixaaCreate(recog->maxarraysize);
    pixa = pixaCreate(1);
    pixaaInitFull(paa, pixa);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    recog->pixaa_u = paa;

        /* Generate the storage for debugging */
    recog->pixadb_boot = pixaCreate(2);
    recog->pixadb_split = pixaCreate(2);
    return recog;
}

/*!
 *  ptraaCreate()
 *
 *      Input:  size of ptr array to be alloc'd
 *      Return: paa, or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) The ptraa is generated with a fixed size, that can not change.
 *          The ptra can be generated and inserted randomly into this array.
 */
L_PTRAA *
ptraaCreate(l_int32  n)
{
L_PTRAA  *paa;

    PROCNAME("ptraaCreate");

    if (n <= 0)
        return (L_PTRAA *)ERROR_PTR("n must be > 0", procName, NULL);

    if ((paa = (L_PTRAA *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(L_PTRAA))) == NULL)
        return (L_PTRAA *)ERROR_PTR("paa not made", procName, NULL);
    if ((paa->ptra = (L_PTRA **)LEPT_CALLOC(n, sizeof(L_PTRA *))) == NULL)
        return (L_PTRAA *)ERROR_PTR("ptr array not made", procName, NULL);

    paa->nalloc = n;
    return paa;
}

/*!
 * \brief   lqueueCreate()
 *
 * \param[in]    nalloc     size of ptr array to be alloc'd; 0 for default
 * \return  lqueue, or NULL on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) Allocates a ptr array of given size, and initializes counters.
 * </pre>
 */
L_QUEUE *
lqueueCreate(l_int32  nalloc)
{
L_QUEUE  *lq;

    PROCNAME("lqueueCreate");

    if (nalloc < MIN_BUFFER_SIZE)
        nalloc = INITIAL_BUFFER_ARRAYSIZE;

    lq = (L_QUEUE *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(L_QUEUE));
    if ((lq->array = (void **)LEPT_CALLOC(nalloc, sizeof(void *))) == NULL) {
        lqueueDestroy(&lq, 0);
        return (L_QUEUE *)ERROR_PTR("ptr array not made", procName, NULL);
    }
    lq->nalloc = nalloc;
    lq->nhead = lq->nelem = 0;
    return lq;
}

/*!
 * \brief   l_byteaCreate()
 *
 * \param[in]    nbytes determines initial size of data array
 * \return  l_bytea, or NULL on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) The allocated array is n + 1 bytes.  This allows room
 *          for null termination.
 * </pre>
 */
L_BYTEA *
l_byteaCreate(size_t  nbytes)
{
L_BYTEA  *ba;

    PROCNAME("l_byteaCreate");

    if (nbytes <= 0)
        nbytes = INITIAL_ARRAYSIZE;

    if ((ba = (L_BYTEA *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(L_BYTEA))) == NULL)
        return (L_BYTEA *)ERROR_PTR("ba not made", procName, NULL);

    if ((ba->data = (l_uint8 *)LEPT_CALLOC(nbytes + 1, sizeof(l_uint8))) == NULL)
        return (L_BYTEA *)ERROR_PTR("ba array not made", procName, NULL);
    ba->nalloc = nbytes + 1;
    ba->refcount = 1;

    return ba;
}

/*!
 *  numaaCreate()
 *
 *      Input:  size of numa ptr array to be alloc'd (0 for default)
 *      Return: naa, or null on error
 *
 */
NUMAA *
numaaCreate(l_int32  n)
{
NUMAA  *naa;

    PROCNAME("numaaCreate");

    if (n <= 0)
        n = INITIAL_PTR_ARRAYSIZE;

    if ((naa = (NUMAA *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(NUMAA))) == NULL)
        return (NUMAA *)ERROR_PTR("naa not made", procName, NULL);
    if ((naa->numa = (NUMA **)LEPT_CALLOC(n, sizeof(NUMA *))) == NULL)
        return (NUMAA *)ERROR_PTR("numa ptr array not made", procName, NULL);

    naa->nalloc = n;
    naa->n = 0;

    return naa;
}

/*!
 *  recogaCreate()
 *
 *      Input:  n (initial number of recog ptrs)
 *      Return: recoga, or null on error
 */
L_RECOGA *
recogaCreate(l_int32  n)
{
L_RECOGA  *recoga;

    PROCNAME("recogaCreate");

    if (n <= 0)
        n = INITIAL_PTR_ARRAYSIZE;

    if ((recoga = (L_RECOGA *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(L_RECOGA))) == NULL)
        return (L_RECOGA *)ERROR_PTR("recoga not made", procName, NULL);
    recoga->n = 0;
    recoga->nalloc = n;

    if ((recoga->recog = (L_RECOG **)LEPT_CALLOC(n, sizeof(L_RECOG *))) == NULL)
        return (L_RECOGA *)ERROR_PTR("recoga ptrs not made", procName, NULL);

    return recoga;
}

/*!
 *  ptraCreate()
 *
 *      Input:  size of ptr array to be alloc'd (0 for default)
 *      Return: pa, or null on error
 */
L_PTRA *
ptraCreate(l_int32  n)
{
L_PTRA  *pa;

    PROCNAME("ptraCreate");

    if (n <= 0)
        n = INITIAL_PTR_ARRAYSIZE;

    if ((pa = (L_PTRA *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(L_PTRA))) == NULL)
        return (L_PTRA *)ERROR_PTR("pa not made", procName, NULL);
    if ((pa->array = (void **)LEPT_CALLOC(n, sizeof(void *))) == NULL)
        return (L_PTRA *)ERROR_PTR("ptr array not made", procName, NULL);

    pa->nalloc = n;
    pa->imax = -1;
    pa->nactual = 0;

    return pa;
}

/*!
 *  lstackCreate()
 *
 *      Input:  nalloc (initial ptr array size; use 0 for default)
 *      Return: lstack, or null on error
 */
L_STACK *
lstackCreate(l_int32  nalloc)
{
    L_STACK  *lstack;

    PROCNAME("lstackCreate");

    if (nalloc <= 0)
        nalloc = INITIAL_PTR_ARRAYSIZE;

    if ((lstack = (L_STACK *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(L_STACK))) == NULL)
        return (L_STACK *)ERROR_PTR("lstack not made", procName, NULL);

    if ((lstack->array = (void **)LEPT_CALLOC(nalloc, sizeof(void *))) == NULL)
        return (L_STACK *)ERROR_PTR("lstack array not made", procName, NULL);

    lstack->nalloc = nalloc;
    lstack->n = 0;

    return lstack;
}

static node *new_node(RB_TYPE key, RB_TYPE value, l_int32 node_color,
                      node *left, node *right) {
    node *result = (node *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(node));
    result->key = key;
    result->value = value;
    result->color = node_color;
    result->left = left;
    result->right = right;
    if (left != NULL) left->parent = result;
    if (right != NULL) right->parent = result;
    result->parent = NULL;
    return result;
}