static void char_ringbuf_test(void)
{
    QemuOpts *opts;
    Chardev *chr;
    CharBackend be;
    char *data;
    int ret;

    opts = qemu_opts_create(qemu_find_opts("chardev"), "ringbuf-label",
                            1, &error_abort);
    qemu_opt_set(opts, "backend", "ringbuf", &error_abort);

    qemu_opt_set(opts, "size", "5", &error_abort);
    chr = qemu_chr_new_from_opts(opts, NULL);
    g_assert_null(chr);
    qemu_opts_del(opts);

    opts = qemu_opts_create(qemu_find_opts("chardev"), "ringbuf-label",
                            1, &error_abort);
    qemu_opt_set(opts, "backend", "ringbuf", &error_abort);
    qemu_opt_set(opts, "size", "2", &error_abort);
    chr = qemu_chr_new_from_opts(opts, &error_abort);
    g_assert_nonnull(chr);
    qemu_opts_del(opts);

    qemu_chr_fe_init(&be, chr, &error_abort);
    ret = qemu_chr_fe_write(&be, (void *)"buff", 4);
    g_assert_cmpint(ret, ==, 4);

    data = qmp_ringbuf_read("ringbuf-label", 4, false, 0, &error_abort);
    g_assert_cmpstr(data, ==, "ff");
    g_free(data);

    data = qmp_ringbuf_read("ringbuf-label", 4, false, 0, &error_abort);
    g_assert_cmpstr(data, ==, "");
    g_free(data);

    qemu_chr_fe_deinit(&be, true);

    /* check alias */
    opts = qemu_opts_create(qemu_find_opts("chardev"), "memory-label",
                            1, &error_abort);
    qemu_opt_set(opts, "backend", "memory", &error_abort);
    qemu_opt_set(opts, "size", "2", &error_abort);
    chr = qemu_chr_new_from_opts(opts, NULL);
    g_assert_nonnull(chr);
    object_unparent(OBJECT(chr));
    qemu_opts_del(opts);
}

static void test_qemu_opts_set(void)
{
    QemuOptsList *list;
    QemuOpts *opts;
    int ret;
    const char *opt;

    list = qemu_find_opts("opts_list_01");
    g_assert(list != NULL);
    g_assert(QTAILQ_EMPTY(&list->head));
    g_assert_cmpstr(list->name, ==, "opts_list_01");

    /* should not find anything at this point */
    opts = qemu_opts_find(list, NULL);
    g_assert(opts == NULL);

    /* implicitly create opts and set str3 value */
    ret = qemu_opts_set(list, NULL, "str3", "value");
    g_assert(ret == 0);
    g_assert(!QTAILQ_EMPTY(&list->head));

    /* get the just created opts */
    opts = qemu_opts_find(list, NULL);
    g_assert(opts != NULL);

    /* check the str3 value */
    opt = qemu_opt_get(opts, "str3");
    g_assert_cmpstr(opt, ==, "value");

    qemu_opts_del(opts);

    /* should not find anything at this point */
    opts = qemu_opts_find(list, NULL);
    g_assert(opts == NULL);
}

static char *parse_initiator_name(const char *target)
{
    QemuOptsList *list;
    QemuOpts *opts;
    const char *name = NULL;
    const char *iscsi_name = qemu_get_vm_name();

    list = qemu_find_opts("iscsi");
    if (list) {
        opts = qemu_opts_find(list, target);
        if (!opts) {
            opts = QTAILQ_FIRST(&list->head);
        }
        if (opts) {
            name = qemu_opt_get(opts, "initiator-name");
        }
    }

    if (name) {
        return g_strdup(name);
    } else {
        return g_strdup_printf("iqn.2008-11.org.linux-kvm%s%s",
                               iscsi_name ? ":" : "",
                               iscsi_name ? iscsi_name : "");
    }
}

static PCIDevice *qemu_pci_hot_add_nic(Monitor *mon,
                                       const char *devaddr,
                                       const char *opts_str)
{
    QemuOpts *opts;
    PCIBus *bus;
    int ret, devfn;

    bus = pci_get_bus_devfn(&devfn, devaddr);
    if (!bus) {
        monitor_printf(mon, "Invalid PCI device address %s\n", devaddr);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!((BusState*)bus)->allow_hotplug) {
        monitor_printf(mon, "PCI bus doesn't support hotplug\n");
        return NULL;
    }

    opts = qemu_opts_parse(qemu_find_opts("net"), opts_str ? opts_str : "", 0);
    if (!opts) {
        return NULL;
    }

    qemu_opt_set(opts, "type", "nic");

    ret = net_client_init(mon, opts, 0);
    if (ret < 0)
        return NULL;
    if (nd_table[ret].devaddr) {
        monitor_printf(mon, "Parameter addr not supported\n");
        return NULL;
    }
    return pci_nic_init(&nd_table[ret], "rtl8139", devaddr);
}

static void *get_device_tree(int *fdt_size)
{
    char *path;
    void *fdt;
    const char *dtb_arg;
    QemuOpts *machine_opts;

    machine_opts = qemu_opts_find(qemu_find_opts("machine"), 0);
    if (!machine_opts) {
        dtb_arg = BINARY_DEVICE_TREE_FILE;
    } else {
      dtb_arg = qemu_opt_get(machine_opts, "dtb");
      if (!dtb_arg) {
          dtb_arg = BINARY_DEVICE_TREE_FILE;
      }
    }

    fdt = load_device_tree(dtb_arg, fdt_size);
    if (!fdt) {
        path = qemu_find_file(QEMU_FILE_TYPE_BIOS, BINARY_DEVICE_TREE_FILE);
        if (path) {
            fdt = load_device_tree(path, fdt_size);
            g_free(path);
        }
    }

    return fdt;
}

int qemu_set_option(const char *str)
{
    char group[64], id[64], arg[64];
    QemuOptsList *list;
    QemuOpts *opts;
    int rc, offset;

    rc = sscanf(str, "%63[^.].%63[^.].%63[^=]%n", group, id, arg, &offset);
    if (rc < 3 || str[offset] != '=') {
        error_report("can't parse: \"%s\"", str);
        return -1;
    }

    list = qemu_find_opts(group);
    if (list == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    opts = qemu_opts_find(list, id);
    if (!opts) {
        error_report("there is no %s \"%s\" defined",
                     list->name, id);
        return -1;
    }

    if (qemu_opt_set(opts, arg, str+offset+1) == -1) {
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

int net_init_vhost_user(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
                        NetClientState *peer, Error **errp)
{
    int queues;
    const NetdevVhostUserOptions *vhost_user_opts;
    CharDriverState *chr;

    assert(opts->type == NET_CLIENT_OPTIONS_KIND_VHOST_USER);
    vhost_user_opts = opts->u.vhost_user.data;

    chr = net_vhost_parse_chardev(vhost_user_opts, errp);
    if (!chr) {
        return -1;
    }

    /* verify net frontend */
    if (qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("device"), net_vhost_check_net,
                          (char *)name, errp)) {
        return -1;
    }

    queues = vhost_user_opts->has_queues ? vhost_user_opts->queues : 1;
    if (queues < 1 || queues > MAX_QUEUE_NUM) {
        error_setg(errp,
                   "vhost-user number of queues must be in range [1, %d]",
                   MAX_QUEUE_NUM);
        return -1;
    }

    return net_vhost_user_init(peer, "vhost_user", name, chr, queues);
}

int net_init_vhost_user(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
                        NetClientState *peer)
{
    int queues;
    const NetdevVhostUserOptions *vhost_user_opts;
    CharDriverState *chr;

    assert(opts->kind == NET_CLIENT_OPTIONS_KIND_VHOST_USER);
    vhost_user_opts = opts->vhost_user;

    chr = net_vhost_parse_chardev(vhost_user_opts);
    if (!chr) {
        error_report("No suitable chardev found");
        return -1;
    }

    /* verify net frontend */
    if (qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("device"), net_vhost_check_net,
                          (char *)name, true) == -1) {
        return -1;
    }

    queues = vhost_user_opts->has_queues ? vhost_user_opts->queues : 1;

    return net_vhost_user_init(peer, "vhost_user", name, chr, queues);
}

static char *parse_initiator_name(const char *target)
{
    QemuOptsList *list;
    QemuOpts *opts;
    const char *name = NULL;

    list = qemu_find_opts("iscsi");
    if (!list) {
        return g_strdup("iqn.2008-11.org.linux-kvm");
    }

    opts = qemu_opts_find(list, target);
    if (opts == NULL) {
        opts = QTAILQ_FIRST(&list->head);
        if (!opts) {
            return g_strdup("iqn.2008-11.org.linux-kvm");
        }
    }

    name = qemu_opt_get(opts, "initiator-name");
    if (!name) {
        return g_strdup("iqn.2008-11.org.linux-kvm");
    }

    return g_strdup(name);
}

uint32_t qemu_devtree_alloc_phandle(void *fdt)
{
    static int phandle = 0x0;

    /*
     * We need to find out if the user gave us special instruction at
     * which phandle id to start allocting phandles.
     */
    if (!phandle) {
        QemuOpts *machine_opts;
        machine_opts = qemu_opts_find(qemu_find_opts("machine"), 0);
        if (machine_opts) {
            const char *phandle_start;
            phandle_start = qemu_opt_get(machine_opts, "phandle_start");
            if (phandle_start) {
                phandle = strtoul(phandle_start, NULL, 0);
            }
        }
    }

    if (!phandle) {
        /*
         * None or invalid phandle given on the command line, so fall back to
         * default starting point.
         */
        phandle = 0x8000;
    }

    return phandle++;
}

static void test_qemu_opts_create(void)
{
    QemuOptsList *list;
    QemuOpts *opts;

    list = qemu_find_opts("opts_list_01");
    g_assert(list != NULL);
    g_assert(QTAILQ_EMPTY(&list->head));
    g_assert_cmpstr(list->name, ==, "opts_list_01");

    /* should not find anything at this point */
    opts = qemu_opts_find(list, NULL);
    g_assert(opts == NULL);

    /* create the opts */
    opts = qemu_opts_create(list, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
    g_assert(opts != NULL);
    g_assert(!QTAILQ_EMPTY(&list->head));

    /* now we've create the opts, must find it */
    opts = qemu_opts_find(list, NULL);
    g_assert(opts != NULL);

    qemu_opts_del(opts);

    /* should not find anything at this point */
    opts = qemu_opts_find(list, NULL);
    g_assert(opts == NULL);
}

static void fw_cfg_bootsplash(FWCfgState *s)
{
    const char *boot_splash_filename = NULL;
    const char *boot_splash_time = NULL;
    char *filename, *file_data;
    gsize file_size;
    int file_type;

    /* get user configuration */
    QemuOptsList *plist = qemu_find_opts("boot-opts");
    QemuOpts *opts = QTAILQ_FIRST(&plist->head);
    boot_splash_filename = qemu_opt_get(opts, "splash");
    boot_splash_time = qemu_opt_get(opts, "splash-time");

    /* insert splash time if user configurated */
    if (boot_splash_time) {
        int64_t bst_val = qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "splash-time", -1);
        uint16_t bst_le16;

        /* validate the input */
        if (bst_val < 0 || bst_val > 0xffff) {
            error_report("splash-time is invalid,"
                         "it should be a value between 0 and 65535");
            exit(1);
        }
        /* use little endian format */
        bst_le16 = cpu_to_le16(bst_val);
        fw_cfg_add_file(s, "etc/boot-menu-wait",
                        g_memdup(&bst_le16, sizeof bst_le16), sizeof bst_le16);
    }

    /* insert splash file if user configurated */
    if (boot_splash_filename) {
        filename = qemu_find_file(QEMU_FILE_TYPE_BIOS, boot_splash_filename);
        if (filename == NULL) {
            error_report("failed to find file '%s'", boot_splash_filename);
            return;
        }

        /* loading file data */
        file_data = read_splashfile(filename, &file_size, &file_type);
        if (file_data == NULL) {
            g_free(filename);
            return;
        }
        g_free(boot_splash_filedata);
        boot_splash_filedata = (uint8_t *)file_data;

        /* insert data */
        if (file_type == JPG_FILE) {
            fw_cfg_add_file(s, "bootsplash.jpg",
                            boot_splash_filedata, file_size);
        } else {
            fw_cfg_add_file(s, "bootsplash.bmp",
                            boot_splash_filedata, file_size);
        }
        g_free(filename);
    }
}

static void test_qemu_find_opts(void)
{
    QemuOptsList *list;

    /* we have an "opts_list_01" option, should return it */
    list = qemu_find_opts("opts_list_01");
    g_assert(list != NULL);
    g_assert_cmpstr(list->name, ==, "opts_list_01");
}

static void s390_ipl_set_boot_menu(S390IPLState *ipl)
{
    QemuOptsList *plist = qemu_find_opts("boot-opts");
    QemuOpts *opts = QTAILQ_FIRST(&plist->head);
    uint8_t *flags = &ipl->qipl.qipl_flags;
    uint32_t *timeout = &ipl->qipl.boot_menu_timeout;
    const char *tmp;
    unsigned long splash_time = 0;

    if (!get_boot_device(0)) {
        if (boot_menu) {
            error_report("boot menu requires a bootindex to be specified for "
                         "the IPL device");
        }
        return;
    }

    switch (ipl->iplb.pbt) {
    case S390_IPL_TYPE_CCW:
        /* In the absence of -boot menu, use zipl parameters */
        if (!qemu_opt_get(opts, "menu")) {
            *flags |= QIPL_FLAG_BM_OPTS_ZIPL;
            return;
        }
        break;
    case S390_IPL_TYPE_QEMU_SCSI:
        break;
    default:
        if (boot_menu) {
            error_report("boot menu is not supported for this device type");
        }
        return;
    }

    if (!boot_menu) {
        return;
    }

    *flags |= QIPL_FLAG_BM_OPTS_CMD;

    tmp = qemu_opt_get(opts, "splash-time");

    if (tmp && qemu_strtoul(tmp, NULL, 10, &splash_time)) {
        error_report("splash-time is invalid, forcing it to 0");
        *timeout = 0;
        return;
    }

    if (splash_time > 0xffffffff) {
        error_report("splash-time is too large, forcing it to max value");
        *timeout = 0xffffffff;
        return;
    }

    *timeout = cpu_to_be32(splash_time);
}

static void test_qemu_opt_get_size(void)
{
    QemuOptsList *list;
    QemuOpts *opts;
    uint64_t opt;
    QDict *dict;

    list = qemu_find_opts("opts_list_02");
    g_assert(list != NULL);
    g_assert(QTAILQ_EMPTY(&list->head));
    g_assert_cmpstr(list->name, ==, "opts_list_02");

    /* should not find anything at this point */
    opts = qemu_opts_find(list, NULL);
    g_assert(opts == NULL);

    /* create the opts */
    opts = qemu_opts_create(list, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
    g_assert(opts != NULL);
    g_assert(!QTAILQ_EMPTY(&list->head));

    /* haven't set anything to size1 yet, so defval should be returned */
    opt = qemu_opt_get_size(opts, "size1", 5);
    g_assert(opt == 5);

    dict = qdict_new();
    g_assert(dict != NULL);

    qdict_put(dict, "size1", qstring_from_str("10"));

    qemu_opts_absorb_qdict(opts, dict, &error_abort);
    g_assert(error_abort == NULL);

    /* now we have set size1, should know about it */
    opt = qemu_opt_get_size(opts, "size1", 5);
    g_assert(opt == 10);

    /* reset value */
    qdict_put(dict, "size1", qstring_from_str("15"));

    qemu_opts_absorb_qdict(opts, dict, &error_abort);
    g_assert(error_abort == NULL);

    /* test the reset value */
    opt = qemu_opt_get_size(opts, "size1", 5);
    g_assert(opt == 15);

    qdict_del(dict, "size1");
    g_free(dict);

    qemu_opts_del(opts);

    /* should not find anything at this point */
    opts = qemu_opts_find(list, NULL);
    g_assert(opts == NULL);
}

void qemu_devtree_dumpdtb(void *fdt, int size)
{
    QemuOpts *machine_opts;

    machine_opts = qemu_opts_find(qemu_find_opts("machine"), 0);
    if (machine_opts) {
        const char *dumpdtb = qemu_opt_get(machine_opts, "dumpdtb");
        if (dumpdtb) {
            /* Dump the dtb to a file and quit */
            exit(g_file_set_contents(dumpdtb, fdt, size, NULL) ? 0 : 1);
        }
    }

}

static void char_console_test_subprocess(void)
{
    QemuOpts *opts;
    Chardev *chr;

    opts = qemu_opts_create(qemu_find_opts("chardev"), "console-label",
                            1, &error_abort);
    qemu_opt_set(opts, "backend", "console", &error_abort);

    chr = qemu_chr_new_from_opts(opts, NULL);
    g_assert_nonnull(chr);

    qemu_chr_write_all(chr, (const uint8_t *)"CONSOLE", 7);

    qemu_opts_del(opts);
    object_unparent(OBJECT(chr));
}

static void
setup_fixture(OptsVisitorFixture *f, gconstpointer test_data)
{
    const char *opts_string = test_data;
    QemuOpts *opts;
    OptsVisitor *ov;

    opts = qemu_opts_parse(qemu_find_opts("userdef"), opts_string, false,
                           NULL);
    g_assert(opts != NULL);

    ov = opts_visitor_new(opts);
    visit_type_UserDefOptions(opts_get_visitor(ov), NULL, &f->userdef,
                              &f->err);
    opts_visitor_cleanup(ov);
    qemu_opts_del(opts);
}

static void ccw_init(MachineState *machine)
{
    ram_addr_t my_ram_size = machine->ram_size;
    MemoryRegion *sysmem = get_system_memory();
    MemoryRegion *ram = g_new(MemoryRegion, 1);
    sclpMemoryHotplugDev *mhd = init_sclp_memory_hotplug_dev();
    uint8_t *storage_keys;
    int ret;
    VirtualCssBus *css_bus;
    DeviceState *dev;
    QemuOpts *opts = qemu_opts_find(qemu_find_opts("memory"), NULL);
    ram_addr_t pad_size = 0;
    ram_addr_t maxmem = qemu_opt_get_size(opts, "maxmem", my_ram_size);
    ram_addr_t standby_mem_size = maxmem - my_ram_size;
    uint64_t kvm_limit;

    /* The storage increment size is a multiple of 1M and is a power of 2.
     * The number of storage increments must be MAX_STORAGE_INCREMENTS or fewer.
     * The variable 'mhd->increment_size' is an exponent of 2 that can be
     * used to calculate the size (in bytes) of an increment. */
    mhd->increment_size = 20;
    while ((my_ram_size >> mhd->increment_size) > MAX_STORAGE_INCREMENTS) {
        mhd->increment_size++;
    }
    while ((standby_mem_size >> mhd->increment_size) > MAX_STORAGE_INCREMENTS) {
        mhd->increment_size++;
    }

    /* The core and standby memory areas need to be aligned with
     * the increment size.  In effect, this can cause the
     * user-specified memory size to be rounded down to align
     * with the nearest increment boundary. */
    standby_mem_size = standby_mem_size >> mhd->increment_size
                                        << mhd->increment_size;
    my_ram_size = my_ram_size >> mhd->increment_size
                              << mhd->increment_size;

    /* let's propagate the changed ram size into the global variable. */
    ram_size = my_ram_size;
    machine->maxram_size = my_ram_size + standby_mem_size;

    ret = s390_set_memory_limit(machine->maxram_size, &kvm_limit);
    if (ret == -E2BIG) {
        hw_error("qemu: host supports a maximum of %" PRIu64 " GB",
                 kvm_limit >> 30);
    } else if (ret) {

char *trace_opt_parse(const char *optarg)
{
    char *trace_file;
    QemuOpts *opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("trace"),
                                             optarg, true);
    if (!opts) {
        exit(1);
    }
    if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "enable")) {
        trace_enable_events(qemu_opt_get(opts, "enable"));
    }
    trace_init_events(qemu_opt_get(opts, "events"));
    trace_file = g_strdup(qemu_opt_get(opts, "file"));
    qemu_opts_del(opts);

    return trace_file;
}