void dev_activate(struct net_device *dev)
{
	/* No queueing discipline is attached to device;
	   create default one i.e. pfifo_fast for devices,
	   which need queueing and noqueue_qdisc for
	   virtual interfaces
	 */

	if (dev->qdisc_sleeping == &noop_qdisc) {
		struct Qdisc *qdisc;
		if (dev->tx_queue_len) {
			qdisc = qdisc_create_dflt(dev, &pfifo_fast_ops,
						  TC_H_ROOT);
			if (qdisc == NULL) {
				printk(KERN_INFO "%s: activation failed\n", dev->name);
				return;
			}
			write_lock(&qdisc_tree_lock);
			list_add_tail(&qdisc->list, &dev->qdisc_list);
			write_unlock(&qdisc_tree_lock);
		} else {
			qdisc =  &noqueue_qdisc;
		}
		write_lock(&qdisc_tree_lock);
		dev->qdisc_sleeping = qdisc;
		write_unlock(&qdisc_tree_lock);
	}

	if (!netif_carrier_ok(dev))
		/* Delay activation until next carrier-on event */
		return;

	spin_lock_bh(&dev->queue_lock);
	rcu_assign_pointer(dev->qdisc, dev->qdisc_sleeping);
	if (dev->qdisc != &noqueue_qdisc) {
		dev->trans_start = jiffies;
		dev_watchdog_up(dev);
	}
	spin_unlock_bh(&dev->queue_lock);
}

/**
 * disk_map_sector_rcu - map sector to partition
 * @disk: gendisk of interest
 * @sector: sector to map
 *
 * Find out which partition @sector maps to on @disk.  This is
 * primarily used for stats accounting.
 *
 * CONTEXT:
 * RCU read locked.  The returned partition pointer is valid only
 * while preemption is disabled.
 *
 * RETURNS:
 * Found partition on success, part0 is returned if no partition matches
 */
struct hd_struct *disk_map_sector_rcu(struct gendisk *disk, sector_t sector)
{
	struct disk_part_tbl *ptbl;
	struct hd_struct *part;
	int i;

	ptbl = rcu_dereference(disk->part_tbl);

	part = rcu_dereference(ptbl->last_lookup);
	if (part && sector_in_part(part, sector))
		return part;

	for (i = 1; i < ptbl->len; i++) {
		part = rcu_dereference(ptbl->part[i]);

		if (part && sector_in_part(part, sector)) {
			rcu_assign_pointer(ptbl->last_lookup, part);
			return part;
		}
	}
	return &disk->part0;
}

static int
mt7603_add_interface(struct ieee80211_hw *hw, struct ieee80211_vif *vif)
{
	struct mt7603_vif *mvif = (struct mt7603_vif *) vif->drv_priv;
	struct mt7603_dev *dev = hw->priv;
	u8 bc_addr[ETH_ALEN];
	int idx;
	int ret = 0;

	mutex_lock(&dev->mutex);

	mvif->idx = ffs(~dev->vif_mask) - 1;
	if (mvif->idx >= MT7603_MAX_INTERFACES) {
		ret = -ENOSPC;
		goto out;
	}

	mt76_wr(dev, MT_MAC_ADDR0(mvif->idx),
		get_unaligned_le32(vif->addr));
	mt76_wr(dev, MT_MAC_ADDR1(mvif->idx),
		(get_unaligned_le16(vif->addr + 4) |
		 MT_MAC_ADDR1_VALID));

	idx = MT7603_WTBL_RESERVED - 1 - mvif->idx;
	dev->vif_mask |= BIT(mvif->idx);
	mvif->sta.wcid.idx = idx;
	mvif->sta.wcid.hw_key_idx = -1;

	eth_broadcast_addr(bc_addr);
	mt7603_wtbl_init(dev, idx, bc_addr);

	rcu_assign_pointer(dev->wcid[idx], &mvif->sta.wcid);
	mt7603_txq_init(dev, vif->txq);

out:
	mutex_unlock(&dev->mutex);

	return ret;
}

static int
mt7603_sta_remove(struct ieee80211_hw *hw, struct ieee80211_vif *vif,
		struct ieee80211_sta *sta)
{
	struct mt7603_dev *dev = hw->priv;
	struct mt7603_sta *msta = (struct mt7603_sta *) sta->drv_priv;
	int idx = msta->wcid.idx;
	int i;

	mutex_lock(&dev->mutex);
	rcu_assign_pointer(dev->wcid[idx], NULL);
	mt7603_wtbl_clear(dev, idx);

	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(sta->txq); i++)
		mt76_txq_remove(&dev->mt76, sta->txq[i]);

	mt76_wcid_free(dev->wcid_mask, idx);

	mutex_unlock(&dev->mutex);

	return 0;
}

int omx_xen_destroy_user_region(omx_xenif_t * omx_xenif, uint32_t id,
				uint32_t seqnum, uint8_t eid)
{
	struct backend_info *be = omx_xenif->be;
	struct omxback_dev *dev = be->omxdev;
	struct omx_endpoint *endpoint = dev->endpoints[eid];
	struct omx_xen_user_region *region;
	int ret = 0;

	dprintk_in();

	TIMER_START(&t_destroy_reg);
	if (eid >= 0 && eid < 255) {
		endpoint = dev->endpoints[eid];
	} else {
		printk_err
		    ("Wrong endpoint number (%u) check your frontend/backend communication!\n",
		     eid);
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}

	region = rcu_dereference_protected(endpoint->xen_regions[id], 1);
	if (unlikely(!region)) {
		printk_err(
		       "%s: Cannot access non-existing region %d\n", __func__, id);
		//ret = -EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}

	rcu_assign_pointer(endpoint->xen_regions[region->id], NULL);
	//omx_xen_user_region_release(region);
	kfree(region);
out:
	TIMER_STOP(&t_destroy_reg);
	dprintk_out();
	return ret;

}

static struct tcp_metrics_block *tcpm_new(struct dst_entry *dst,
					  struct inetpeer_addr *addr,
					  unsigned int hash,
					  bool reclaim)
{
	struct tcp_metrics_block *tm;
	struct net *net;

	spin_lock_bh(&tcp_metrics_lock);
	net = dev_net(dst->dev);
	if (unlikely(reclaim)) {
		struct tcp_metrics_block *oldest;

		oldest = rcu_dereference(net->ipv4.tcp_metrics_hash[hash].chain);
		for (tm = rcu_dereference(oldest->tcpm_next); tm;
		     tm = rcu_dereference(tm->tcpm_next)) {
			if (time_before(tm->tcpm_stamp, oldest->tcpm_stamp))
				oldest = tm;
		}
		tm = oldest;
	} else {
		tm = kmalloc(sizeof(*tm), GFP_ATOMIC);
		if (!tm)
			goto out_unlock;
	}
	tm->tcpm_addr = *addr;

	tcpm_suck_dst(tm, dst, true);

	if (likely(!reclaim)) {
		tm->tcpm_next = net->ipv4.tcp_metrics_hash[hash].chain;
		rcu_assign_pointer(net->ipv4.tcp_metrics_hash[hash].chain, tm);
	}

out_unlock:
	spin_unlock_bh(&tcp_metrics_lock);
	return tm;
}

static int bnxt_register_dev(struct bnxt_en_dev *edev, int ulp_id,
			     struct bnxt_ulp_ops *ulp_ops, void *handle)
{
	struct net_device *dev = edev->net;
	struct bnxt *bp = netdev_priv(dev);
	struct bnxt_ulp *ulp;

	ASSERT_RTNL();
	if (ulp_id >= BNXT_MAX_ULP)
		return -EINVAL;

	ulp = &edev->ulp_tbl[ulp_id];
	if (rcu_access_pointer(ulp->ulp_ops)) {
		netdev_err(bp->dev, "ulp id %d already registered\n", ulp_id);
		return -EBUSY;
	}
	if (ulp_id == BNXT_ROCE_ULP) {
		unsigned int max_stat_ctxs;

		max_stat_ctxs = bnxt_get_max_func_stat_ctxs(bp);
		if (max_stat_ctxs <= BNXT_MIN_ROCE_STAT_CTXS ||
		    bp->num_stat_ctxs == max_stat_ctxs)
			return -ENOMEM;
		bnxt_set_max_func_stat_ctxs(bp, max_stat_ctxs -
					    BNXT_MIN_ROCE_STAT_CTXS);
	}

	atomic_set(&ulp->ref_count, 0);
	ulp->handle = handle;
	rcu_assign_pointer(ulp->ulp_ops, ulp_ops);

	if (ulp_id == BNXT_ROCE_ULP) {
		if (test_bit(BNXT_STATE_OPEN, &bp->state))
			bnxt_hwrm_vnic_cfg(bp, 0);
	}

	return 0;
}

static int
mt76x2_sta_add(struct ieee80211_hw *hw, struct ieee80211_vif *vif,
	       struct ieee80211_sta *sta)
{
	struct mt76x2_dev *dev = hw->priv;
	struct mt76x2_sta *msta = (struct mt76x2_sta *) sta->drv_priv;
	struct mt76x2_vif *mvif = (struct mt76x2_vif *) vif->drv_priv;
	int ret = 0;
	int idx = 0;
	int i;

	mutex_lock(&dev->mutex);

	idx = mt76_wcid_alloc(dev->wcid_mask, ARRAY_SIZE(dev->wcid));
	if (idx < 0) {
		ret = -ENOSPC;
		goto out;
	}

	msta->vif = mvif;
	msta->wcid.sta = 1;
	msta->wcid.idx = idx;
	msta->wcid.hw_key_idx = -1;
	mt76x2_mac_wcid_setup(dev, idx, mvif->idx, sta->addr);
	mt76x2_mac_wcid_set_drop(dev, idx, false);
	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(sta->txq); i++)
		mt76x2_txq_init(dev, sta->txq[i]);

	if (vif->type == NL80211_IFTYPE_AP)
		set_bit(MT_WCID_FLAG_CHECK_PS, &msta->wcid.flags);

	rcu_assign_pointer(dev->wcid[idx], &msta->wcid);

out:
	mutex_unlock(&dev->mutex);

	return ret;
}

/*
 * Careful here! We test whether the file pointer is NULL before
 * releasing the fd. This ensures that one clone task can't release
 * an fd while another clone is opening it.
 */
SYSCALL_DEFINE1(close, unsigned int, fd)
{
	struct file * filp;
	struct files_struct *files = current->files;
	struct fdtable *fdt;
	int retval;

#ifdef CONFIG_SEC_DEBUG_ZERO_FD_CLOSE
	if (fd == 0 && strcmp(current->group_leader->comm,"mediaserver") == 0)
		panic("trying to close fd=0");
#endif

	spin_lock(&files->file_lock);
	fdt = files_fdtable(files);
	if (fd >= fdt->max_fds)
		goto out_unlock;
	filp = fdt->fd[fd];
	if (!filp)
		goto out_unlock;
	rcu_assign_pointer(fdt->fd[fd], NULL);
	__clear_close_on_exec(fd, fdt);
	__put_unused_fd(files, fd);
	spin_unlock(&files->file_lock);
	retval = filp_close(filp, files);

	/* can't restart close syscall because file table entry was cleared */
	if (unlikely(retval == -ERESTARTSYS ||
		     retval == -ERESTARTNOINTR ||
		     retval == -ERESTARTNOHAND ||
		     retval == -ERESTART_RESTARTBLOCK))
		retval = -EINTR;

	return retval;

out_unlock:
	spin_unlock(&files->file_lock);
	return -EBADF;
}

void nf_conntrack_l3proto_unregister(struct nf_conntrack_l3proto *proto)
{
	struct net *net;

	BUG_ON(proto->l3proto >= AF_MAX);

	mutex_lock(&nf_ct_proto_mutex);
	BUG_ON(rcu_dereference_protected(nf_ct_l3protos[proto->l3proto],
					 lockdep_is_held(&nf_ct_proto_mutex)
					 ) != proto);
	rcu_assign_pointer(nf_ct_l3protos[proto->l3proto],
			   &nf_conntrack_l3proto_generic);
	nf_ct_l3proto_unregister_sysctl(proto);
	mutex_unlock(&nf_ct_proto_mutex);

	synchronize_rcu();

	/* Remove all contrack entries for this protocol */
	rtnl_lock();
	for_each_net(net)
		nf_ct_iterate_cleanup(net, kill_l3proto, proto);
	rtnl_unlock();
}

/*
 * Careful here! We test whether the file pointer is NULL before
 * releasing the fd. This ensures that one clone task can't release
 * an fd while another clone is opening it.
 */
asmlinkage long sys_close(unsigned int fd)
{
	struct file * filp;
	struct files_struct *files = current->files;
	struct fdtable *fdt;

	spin_lock(&files->file_lock);
	fdt = files_fdtable(files);
	if (fd >= fdt->max_fds)
		goto out_unlock;
	filp = fdt->fd[fd];
	if (!filp)
		goto out_unlock;
	rcu_assign_pointer(fdt->fd[fd], NULL);
	FD_CLR(fd, fdt->close_on_exec);
	__put_unused_fd(files, fd);
	spin_unlock(&files->file_lock);
	return filp_close(filp, files);

out_unlock:
	spin_unlock(&files->file_lock);
	return -EBADF;
}

int init_swap_address_space(unsigned int type, unsigned long nr_pages)
{
	struct address_space *spaces, *space;
	unsigned int i, nr;

	nr = DIV_ROUND_UP(nr_pages, SWAP_ADDRESS_SPACE_PAGES);
	spaces = kvzalloc(sizeof(struct address_space) * nr, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!spaces)
		return -ENOMEM;
	for (i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
		space = spaces + i;
		INIT_RADIX_TREE(&space->page_tree, GFP_ATOMIC|__GFP_NOWARN);
		atomic_set(&space->i_mmap_writable, 0);
		space->a_ops = &swap_aops;
		/* swap cache doesn't use writeback related tags */
		mapping_set_no_writeback_tags(space);
		spin_lock_init(&space->tree_lock);
	}
	nr_swapper_spaces[type] = nr;
	rcu_assign_pointer(swapper_spaces[type], spaces);

	return 0;
}

/* Attach toplevel qdisc to device queue. */
struct Qdisc *dev_graft_qdisc(struct netdev_queue *dev_queue,
			      struct Qdisc *qdisc)
{
	struct Qdisc *oqdisc = dev_queue->qdisc_sleeping;
	spinlock_t *root_lock;

	root_lock = qdisc_lock(oqdisc);
	spin_lock_bh(root_lock);

	/* Prune old scheduler */
	if (oqdisc && atomic_read(&oqdisc->refcnt) <= 1)
		qdisc_reset(oqdisc);

	/* ... and graft new one */
	if (qdisc == NULL)
		qdisc = &noop_qdisc;
	dev_queue->qdisc_sleeping = qdisc;
	rcu_assign_pointer(dev_queue->qdisc, &noop_qdisc);

	spin_unlock_bh(root_lock);

	return oqdisc;
}

static int ovs_ct_add_helper(struct ovs_conntrack_info *info, const char *name,
			     const struct sw_flow_key *key, bool log)
{
	struct nf_conntrack_helper *helper;
	struct nf_conn_help *help;

	helper = nf_conntrack_helper_try_module_get(name, info->family,
						    key->ip.proto);
	if (!helper) {
		OVS_NLERR(log, "Unknown helper \"%s\"", name);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	help = nf_ct_helper_ext_add(info->ct, helper, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!help) {
		module_put(helper->me);
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	rcu_assign_pointer(help->helper, helper);
	info->helper = helper;
	return 0;
}

int nf_conntrack_l3proto_register(struct nf_conntrack_l3proto *proto)
{
    int ret = 0;

    if (proto->l3proto >= AF_MAX)
        return -EBUSY;

    mutex_lock(&nf_ct_proto_mutex);
    if (nf_ct_l3protos[proto->l3proto] != &nf_conntrack_l3proto_generic) {
        ret = -EBUSY;
        goto out_unlock;
    }

    ret = nf_ct_l3proto_register_sysctl(proto);
    if (ret < 0)
        goto out_unlock;

    rcu_assign_pointer(nf_ct_l3protos[proto->l3proto], proto);

out_unlock:
    mutex_unlock(&nf_ct_proto_mutex);
    return ret;
}

static int alloc_callchain_buffers(void)
{
	int cpu;
	int size;
	struct callchain_cpus_entries *entries;

	/*
	 * We can't use the percpu allocation API for data that can be
	 * accessed from NMI. Use a temporary manual per cpu allocation
	 * until that gets sorted out.
	 */
	size = offsetof(struct callchain_cpus_entries, cpu_entries[nr_cpu_ids]);

	entries = kzalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!entries)
		return -ENOMEM;

	size = sizeof(struct perf_callchain_entry) * PERF_NR_CONTEXTS;

	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
		entries->cpu_entries[cpu] = kmalloc_node(size, GFP_KERNEL,
							 cpu_to_node(cpu));
		if (!entries->cpu_entries[cpu])
			goto fail;
	}

	rcu_assign_pointer(callchain_cpus_entries, entries);

	return 0;

fail:
	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu)
		kfree(entries->cpu_entries[cpu]);
	kfree(entries);

	return -ENOMEM;
}

/*
 * update a user defined key
 * - the key's semaphore is write-locked
 */
int user_update(struct key *key, const void *data, size_t datalen)
{
	struct user_key_payload *upayload, *zap;
	int ret;

	ret = -EINVAL;
	if (datalen <= 0 || datalen > 32767 || !data)
		goto error;

	/* construct a replacement payload */
	ret = -ENOMEM;
	upayload = kmalloc(sizeof(*upayload) + datalen, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!upayload)
		goto error;

	upayload->datalen = datalen;
	memcpy(upayload->data, data, datalen);

	/* check the quota and attach the new data */
	zap = upayload;

	ret = key_payload_reserve(key, datalen);

	if (ret == 0) {
		/* attach the new data, displacing the old */
		zap = key->payload.data;
		rcu_assign_pointer(key->payload.data, upayload);
		key->expiry = 0;
	}

	call_rcu(&zap->rcu, user_update_rcu_disposal);

error:
	return ret;

} /* end user_update() */

static void r92su_bss_free_connected(struct r92su *r92su,
				     bool locally_generated)
{
	struct cfg80211_bss *old_bss;

	if (r92su_is_connected(r92su))
		r92su_set_state(r92su, R92SU_OPEN);

	rcu_read_lock();
	old_bss = rcu_dereference(r92su->connect_bss);
	rcu_assign_pointer(r92su->connect_bss, NULL);
	if (old_bss) {
		switch (r92su->wdev.iftype) {
		case NL80211_IFTYPE_STATION:
			/* cfg80211 doesn't like it when cfg80211_disconnected
			 * is called without reason. So check if we were really
			 * connected.
			 */
			cfg80211_disconnected(r92su->wdev.netdev,
				      WLAN_STATUS_UNSPECIFIED_FAILURE, NULL, 0,
				      locally_generated, GFP_ATOMIC);
			break;

		case NL80211_IFTYPE_ADHOC:
			cfg80211_unlink_bss(r92su->wdev.wiphy, old_bss);
			break;

		default:
			WARN(1, "unsupported network type %d\n",
			     r92su->wdev.iftype);
			break;
		}
		r92su_bss_free(r92su, old_bss);
	}
	rcu_read_unlock();
}

/**
 *  reuseport_add_sock - Add a socket to the reuseport group of another.
 *  @sk:  New socket to add to the group.
 *  @sk2: Socket belonging to the existing reuseport group.
 *  May return ENOMEM and not add socket to group under memory pressure.
 */
int reuseport_add_sock(struct sock *sk, struct sock *sk2)
{
	struct sock_reuseport *reuse;

	if (!rcu_access_pointer(sk2->sk_reuseport_cb)) {
		int err = reuseport_alloc(sk2);

		if (err)
			return err;
	}

	spin_lock_bh(&reuseport_lock);
	reuse = rcu_dereference_protected(sk2->sk_reuseport_cb,
					  lockdep_is_held(&reuseport_lock)),
	WARN_ONCE(rcu_dereference_protected(sk->sk_reuseport_cb,
					    lockdep_is_held(&reuseport_lock)),
		  "socket already in reuseport group");

	if (reuse->num_socks == reuse->max_socks) {
		reuse = reuseport_grow(reuse);
		if (!reuse) {
			spin_unlock_bh(&reuseport_lock);
			return -ENOMEM;
		}
	}

	reuse->socks[reuse->num_socks] = sk;
	/* paired with smp_rmb() in reuseport_select_sock() */
	smp_wmb();
	reuse->num_socks++;
	rcu_assign_pointer(sk->sk_reuseport_cb, reuse);

	spin_unlock_bh(&reuseport_lock);

	return 0;
}

/**
 *	ovs_vport_set_upcall_portids - set upcall portids of @vport.
 *
 * @vport: vport to modify.
 * @ids: new configuration, an array of port ids.
 *
 * Sets the vport's upcall_portids to @ids.
 *
 * Returns 0 if successful, -EINVAL if @ids is zero length or cannot be parsed
 * as an array of U32.
 *
 * Must be called with ovs_mutex.
 */
int ovs_vport_set_upcall_portids(struct vport *vport, const struct nlattr *ids)
{
	struct vport_portids *old, *vport_portids;

	if (!nla_len(ids) || nla_len(ids) % sizeof(u32))
		return -EINVAL;

	old = ovsl_dereference(vport->upcall_portids);

	vport_portids = kmalloc(sizeof(*vport_portids) + nla_len(ids),
				GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!vport_portids)
		return -ENOMEM;

	vport_portids->n_ids = nla_len(ids) / sizeof(u32);
	vport_portids->rn_ids = reciprocal_value(vport_portids->n_ids);
	nla_memcpy(vport_portids->ids, ids, nla_len(ids));

	rcu_assign_pointer(vport->upcall_portids, vport_portids);

	if (old)
		kfree_rcu(old, rcu);
	return 0;
}