func setImageInformation(computeClient *gophercloud.ServiceClient, server *servers.Server, d *schema.ResourceData) error {
	// If block_device was used, an Image does not need to be specified.
	// If an Image was specified, ignore it
	if _, ok := d.GetOk("block_device"); ok {
		d.Set("image_id", "Attempt to boot from volume - no image supplied")
		return nil
	}

	imageId := server.Image["id"].(string)
	if imageId != "" {
		d.Set("image_id", imageId)
		if image, err := images.Get(computeClient, imageId).Extract(); err != nil {
			errCode, ok := err.(*gophercloud.UnexpectedResponseCodeError)
			if !ok {
				return err
			}
			if errCode.Actual == 404 {
				// If the image name can't be found, set the value to "Image not found".
				// The most likely scenario is that the image no longer exists in the Image Service
				// but the instance still has a record from when it existed.
				d.Set("image_name", "Image not found")
				return nil
			} else {
				return err
			}
		} else {
			d.Set("image_name", image.Name)
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// WaitForImage waits for the given Image ID to become ready.
func WaitForImage(client *gophercloud.ServiceClient, imageId string) error {
	maxNumErrors := 10
	numErrors := 0

	for {
		image, err := images.Get(client, imageId).Extract()
		if err != nil {
			errCode, ok := err.(*gophercloud.UnexpectedResponseCodeError)
			if ok && (errCode.Actual == 500 || errCode.Actual == 404) {
				numErrors++
				if numErrors >= maxNumErrors {
					log.Printf("[ERROR] Maximum number of errors (%d) reached; failing with: %s", numErrors, err)
					return err
				}
				log.Printf("[ERROR] %d error received, will ignore and retry: %s", errCode.Actual, err)
				time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
				continue
			}

			return err
		}

		if image.Status == "ACTIVE" {
			return nil
		}

		log.Printf("Waiting for image creation status: %s (%d%%)", image.Status, image.Progress)
		time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
	}
}

func setImageInformation(computeClient *gophercloud.ServiceClient, server *servers.Server, d *schema.ResourceData) error {
	// If block_device was used, an Image does not need to be specified, unless an image/local
	// combination was used. This emulates normal boot behavior. Otherwise, ignore the image altogether.
	if vL, ok := d.GetOk("block_device"); ok {
		needImage := false
		for _, v := range vL.([]interface{}) {
			vM := v.(map[string]interface{})
			if vM["source_type"] == "image" && vM["destination_type"] == "local" {
				needImage = true
			}
		}
		if !needImage {
			d.Set("image_id", "Attempt to boot from volume - no image supplied")
			return nil
		}
	}

	imageId := server.Image["id"].(string)
	if imageId != "" {
		d.Set("image_id", imageId)
		if image, err := images.Get(computeClient, imageId).Extract(); err != nil {
			errCode, ok := err.(*gophercloud.UnexpectedResponseCodeError)
			if !ok {
				return err
			}
			if errCode.Actual == 404 {
				// If the image name can't be found, set the value to "Image not found".
				// The most likely scenario is that the image no longer exists in the Image Service
				// but the instance still has a record from when it existed.
				d.Set("image_name", "Image not found")
				return nil
			} else {
				return err
			}
		} else {
			d.Set("image_name", image.Name)
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// WaitForImage waits for the given Image ID to become ready.
func WaitForImage(client *gophercloud.ServiceClient, imageId string) error {
	for {
		image, err := images.Get(client, imageId).Extract()
		if err != nil {
			errCode, ok := err.(*gophercloud.UnexpectedResponseCodeError)
			if ok && errCode.Actual == 500 {
				log.Printf("[ERROR] 500 error received, will ignore and retry: %s", err)
				time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
				continue
			}

			return err
		}

		if image.Status == "ACTIVE" {
			return nil
		}

		log.Printf("Waiting for image creation status: %s (%d%%)", image.Status, image.Progress)
		time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
	}
}

func main() {
	// step-1
	var authUsername string = "your_auth_username"
	var authPassword string = "your_auth_password"
	var authUrl string = "http://controller:5000"
	var projectName string = "your_project_id"
	var regionName string = "your_region_name"

	authOpts := gophercloud.AuthOptions{
		IdentityEndpoint: authUrl,
		Username:         authUsername,
		Password:         authPassword,
		TenantID:         projectName,
	}
	provider, _ := openstack.AuthenticatedClient(authOpts)
	client, _ := openstack.NewComputeV2(provider, gophercloud.EndpointOpts{
		Region: regionName,
	})

	// step-2
	pager := images.ListDetail(client, images.ListOpts{})
	page, _ := pager.AllPages()
	imageList, _ := images.ExtractImages(page)
	fmt.Println(imageList)

	// step-3
	pager = flavors.ListDetail(client, flavors.ListOpts{})
	page, _ = pager.AllPages()
	flavorList, _ := flavors.ExtractFlavors(page)
	fmt.Println(flavorList)

	// step-4
	imageID := "74e6d1ec-9a08-444c-8518-4f232446386d"
	image, _ := images.Get(client, imageID).Extract()
	fmt.Println(image)

	// step-5
	flavorID := "1"
	flavor, _ := flavors.Get(client, flavorID).Extract()
	fmt.Println(flavor)

	// step-6
	instanceName := "testing"
	testingInstance, _ := servers.Create(client, servers.CreateOpts{
		Name:      instanceName,
		ImageRef:  imageID,
		FlavorRef: flavorID,
	}).Extract()
	fmt.Println(testingInstance)

	// step-7
	pager = servers.List(client, servers.ListOpts{})
	page, _ = pager.AllPages()
	serverList, _ := servers.ExtractServers(page)
	fmt.Println(serverList)

	// step-8
	servers.Delete(client, testingInstance.ID)

	// step-9
	fmt.Println("Checking for existing SSH key pair...")
	keyPairName := "demokey"
	pubKeyFile := "~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
	keyPairExists := false

	pager = keypairs.List(client)
	page, _ = pager.AllPages()
	keypairList, _ := keypairs.ExtractKeyPairs(page)
	for _, k := range keypairList {
		if k.Name == keyPairName {
			keyPairExists = true
			break
		}
	}

	if keyPairExists {
		fmt.Println("Keypair " + keyPairName + " already exists. Skipping import.")
	} else {
		fmt.Println("adding keypair...")
		bs, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(pubKeyFile)
		keypairs.Create(client, keypairs.CreateOpts{
			Name:      keyPairName,
			PublicKey: string(bs),
		}).Extract()
	}

	pager = keypairs.List(client)
	page, _ = pager.AllPages()
	keypairList, _ = keypairs.ExtractKeyPairs(page)
	fmt.Println(keypairList)

	// step-10
	fmt.Println("Checking for existing security group...")
	var allInOneSecurityGroup secgroups.SecurityGroup
	securityGroupName := "all-in-one"
	securityGroupExists := false

	pager = secgroups.List(client)
	page, _ = pager.AllPages()
	secgroupList, _ := secgroups.ExtractSecurityGroups(page)
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

func resourceComputeInstanceV2Read(d *schema.ResourceData, meta interface{}) error {
	config := meta.(*Config)
	computeClient, err := config.computeV2Client(d.Get("region").(string))
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Error creating OpenStack compute client: %s", err)
	}

	server, err := servers.Get(computeClient, d.Id()).Extract()
	if err != nil {
		return CheckDeleted(d, err, "server")
	}

	log.Printf("[DEBUG] Retreived Server %s: %+v", d.Id(), server)

	d.Set("name", server.Name)

	// begin reading the network configuration
	d.Set("access_ip_v4", server.AccessIPv4)
	d.Set("access_ip_v6", server.AccessIPv6)
	hostv4 := server.AccessIPv4
	hostv6 := server.AccessIPv6

	networkDetails, err := resourceInstanceNetworks(computeClient, d)
	addresses := resourceInstanceAddresses(server.Addresses)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// if there are no networkDetails, make networks at least a length of 1
	networkLength := 1
	if len(networkDetails) > 0 {
		networkLength = len(networkDetails)
	}
	networks := make([]map[string]interface{}, networkLength)

	// Loop through all networks and addresses,
	// merge relevant address details.
	if len(networkDetails) == 0 {
		for netName, n := range addresses {
			if floatingIP, ok := n["floating_ip"]; ok {
				hostv4 = floatingIP.(string)
			} else {
				if hostv4 == "" && n["fixed_ip_v4"] != nil {
					hostv4 = n["fixed_ip_v4"].(string)
				}
			}

			if hostv6 == "" && n["fixed_ip_v6"] != nil {
				hostv6 = n["fixed_ip_v6"].(string)
			}

			networks[0] = map[string]interface{}{
				"name":        netName,
				"fixed_ip_v4": n["fixed_ip_v4"],
				"fixed_ip_v6": n["fixed_ip_v6"],
				"mac":         n["mac"],
			}
		}
	} else {
		for i, net := range networkDetails {
			n := addresses[net["name"].(string)]

			if floatingIP, ok := n["floating_ip"]; ok {
				hostv4 = floatingIP.(string)
			} else {
				if hostv4 == "" && n["fixed_ip_v4"] != nil {
					hostv4 = n["fixed_ip_v4"].(string)
				}
			}

			if hostv6 == "" && n["fixed_ip_v6"] != nil {
				hostv6 = n["fixed_ip_v6"].(string)
			}

			networks[i] = map[string]interface{}{
				"uuid":        networkDetails[i]["uuid"],
				"name":        networkDetails[i]["name"],
				"port":        networkDetails[i]["port"],
				"fixed_ip_v4": n["fixed_ip_v4"],
				"fixed_ip_v6": n["fixed_ip_v6"],
				"mac":         n["mac"],
			}
		}
	}

	log.Printf("[DEBUG] new networks: %+v", networks)

	d.Set("network", networks)
	d.Set("access_ip_v4", hostv4)
	d.Set("access_ip_v6", hostv6)
	log.Printf("hostv4: %s", hostv4)
	log.Printf("hostv6: %s", hostv6)

	// prefer the v6 address if no v4 address exists.
	preferredv := ""
	if hostv4 != "" {
		preferredv = hostv4
	} else if hostv6 != "" {
		preferredv = hostv6
	}
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

// Get acquires additional detail about a specific image by ID.
func Get(client *gophercloud.ServiceClient, id string) os.GetResult {
	return os.Get(client, id)
}