func (p *exporter) value(x exact.Value) {
	if trace {
		p.tracef("value { ")
		defer p.tracef("} ")
	}

	switch kind := x.Kind(); kind {
	case exact.Bool:
		tag := falseTag
		if exact.BoolVal(x) {
			tag = trueTag
		}
		p.int(tag)
	case exact.Int:
		if i, ok := exact.Int64Val(x); ok {
			p.int(int64Tag)
			p.int64(i)
			return
		}
		p.int(floatTag)
		p.float(x)
	case exact.Float:
		p.int(fractionTag)
		p.fraction(x)
	case exact.Complex:
		p.int(complexTag)
		p.fraction(exact.Real(x))
		p.fraction(exact.Imag(x))
	case exact.String:
		p.int(stringTag)
		p.string(exact.StringVal(x))
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected value kind %d", kind))
	}
}

// checkPrintf checks a call to a formatted print routine such as Printf.
// call.Args[formatIndex] is (well, should be) the format argument.
func (f *File) checkPrintf(call *ast.CallExpr, name string, formatIndex int) {
	if formatIndex >= len(call.Args) {
		f.Bad(call.Pos(), "too few arguments in call to", name)
		return
	}
	lit := f.pkg.types[call.Args[formatIndex]].Value
	if lit == nil {
		if *verbose {
			f.Warn(call.Pos(), "can't check non-constant format in call to", name)
		}
		return
	}
	if lit.Kind() != exact.String {
		f.Badf(call.Pos(), "constant %v not a string in call to %s", lit, name)
		return
	}
	format := exact.StringVal(lit)
	firstArg := formatIndex + 1 // Arguments are immediately after format string.
	if !strings.Contains(format, "%") {
		if len(call.Args) > firstArg {
			f.Badf(call.Pos(), "no formatting directive in %s call", name)
		}
		return
	}
	// Hard part: check formats against args.
	argNum := firstArg
	indexed := false
	for i, w := 0, 0; i < len(format); i += w {
		w = 1
		if format[i] == '%' {
			state := f.parsePrintfVerb(call, name, format[i:], firstArg, argNum)
			if state == nil {
				return
			}
			w = len(state.format)
			if state.indexed {
				indexed = true
			}
			if !f.okPrintfArg(call, state) { // One error per format is enough.
				return
			}
			if len(state.argNums) > 0 {
				// Continue with the next sequential argument.
				argNum = state.argNums[len(state.argNums)-1] + 1
			}
		}
	}
	// Dotdotdot is hard.
	if call.Ellipsis.IsValid() && argNum >= len(call.Args)-1 {
		return
	}
	// If the arguments were direct indexed, we assume the programmer knows what's up.
	// Otherwise, there should be no leftover arguments.
	if !indexed && argNum != len(call.Args) {
		expect := argNum - firstArg
		numArgs := len(call.Args) - firstArg
		f.Badf(call.Pos(), "wrong number of args for format in %s call: %d needed but %d args", name, expect, numArgs)
	}
}

// constValue returns the value of the constant with the
// dynamic type tag appropriate for c.Type().
func constValue(c *ssa.Const) value {
	if c.IsNil() {
		return zero(c.Type()) // typed nil
	}

	if t, ok := c.Type().Underlying().(*types.Basic); ok {
		// TODO(adonovan): eliminate untyped constants from SSA form.
		switch t.Kind() {
		case types.Bool, types.UntypedBool:
			return exact.BoolVal(c.Value)
		case types.Int, types.UntypedInt:
			// Assume sizeof(int) is same on host and target.
			return int(c.Int64())
		case types.Int8:
			return int8(c.Int64())
		case types.Int16:
			return int16(c.Int64())
		case types.Int32, types.UntypedRune:
			return int32(c.Int64())
		case types.Int64:
			return c.Int64()
		case types.Uint:
			// Assume sizeof(uint) is same on host and target.
			return uint(c.Uint64())
		case types.Uint8:
			return uint8(c.Uint64())
		case types.Uint16:
			return uint16(c.Uint64())
		case types.Uint32:
			return uint32(c.Uint64())
		case types.Uint64:
			return c.Uint64()
		case types.Uintptr:
			// Assume sizeof(uintptr) is same on host and target.
			return uintptr(c.Uint64())
		case types.Float32:
			return float32(c.Float64())
		case types.Float64, types.UntypedFloat:
			return c.Float64()
		case types.Complex64:
			return complex64(c.Complex128())
		case types.Complex128, types.UntypedComplex:
			return c.Complex128()
		case types.String, types.UntypedString:
			if c.Value.Kind() == exact.String {
				return exact.StringVal(c.Value)
			}
			return string(rune(c.Int64()))
		}
	}

	panic(fmt.Sprintf("constValue: %s", c))
}

func (c *funcContext) identifierConstant(expr ast.Expr) (string, bool) {
	val := c.p.Types[expr].Value
	if val == nil {
		return "", false
	}
	s := exact.StringVal(val)
	if len(s) == 0 {
		return "", false
	}
	for i, c := range s {
		if !((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') || (i > 0 && c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '_' || c == '$') {
			return "", false
		}
	}
	return s, true
}

func (c *Const) RelString(from *types.Package) string {
	var s string
	if c.Value == nil {
		s = "nil"
	} else if c.Value.Kind() == exact.String {
		s = exact.StringVal(c.Value)
		const max = 20
		// TODO(adonovan): don't cut a rune in half.
		if len(s) > max {
			s = s[:max-3] + "..." // abbreviate
		}
		s = strconv.Quote(s)
	} else {
		s = c.Value.String()
	}
	return s + ":" + relType(c.Type(), from)
}

func Test(t *testing.T) {
	switch runtime.GOOS {
	case "windows":
		t.Skipf("skipping test on %q (no /usr/bin/diff)", runtime.GOOS)
	}

	conf := loader.Config{
		Fset:       token.NewFileSet(),
		ParserMode: parser.ParseComments,
	}

	// Each entry is a single-file package.
	// (Multi-file packages aren't interesting for this test.)
	// Order matters: each non-template package is processed using
	// the preceding template package.
	for _, filename := range []string{
		"testdata/A.template",
		"testdata/A1.go",
		"testdata/A2.go",

		"testdata/B.template",
		"testdata/B1.go",

		"testdata/C.template",
		"testdata/C1.go",

		"testdata/D.template",
		"testdata/D1.go",

		"testdata/E.template",
		"testdata/E1.go",

		"testdata/F.template",
		"testdata/F1.go",

		"testdata/G.template",
		"testdata/G1.go",

		"testdata/H.template",
		"testdata/H1.go",

		"testdata/bad_type.template",
		"testdata/no_before.template",
		"testdata/no_after_return.template",
		"testdata/type_mismatch.template",
		"testdata/expr_type_mismatch.template",
	} {
		pkgname := strings.TrimSuffix(filepath.Base(filename), ".go")
		conf.CreateFromFilenames(pkgname, filename)
	}
	iprog, err := conf.Load()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	var xform *eg.Transformer
	for _, info := range iprog.Created {
		file := info.Files[0]
		filename := iprog.Fset.File(file.Pos()).Name() // foo.go

		if strings.HasSuffix(filename, "template") {
			// a new template
			shouldFail, _ := info.Pkg.Scope().Lookup("shouldFail").(*types.Const)
			xform, err = eg.NewTransformer(iprog.Fset, info, *verboseFlag)
			if err != nil {
				if shouldFail == nil {
					t.Errorf("NewTransformer(%s): %s", filename, err)
				} else if want := exact.StringVal(shouldFail.Val()); !strings.Contains(err.Error(), want) {
					t.Errorf("NewTransformer(%s): got error %q, want error %q", filename, err, want)
				}
			} else if shouldFail != nil {
				t.Errorf("NewTransformer(%s) succeeded unexpectedly; want error %q",
					filename, shouldFail.Val())
			}
			continue
		}

		if xform == nil {
			t.Errorf("%s: no previous template", filename)
			continue
		}

		// apply previous template to this package
		n := xform.Transform(&info.Info, info.Pkg, file)
		if n == 0 {
			t.Errorf("%s: no matches", filename)
			continue
		}

		got := filename + "t"       // foo.got
		golden := filename + "lden" // foo.golden

		// Write actual output to foo.got.
		if err := eg.WriteAST(iprog.Fset, got, file); err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
		}
		defer os.Remove(got)

		// Compare foo.got with foo.golden.
		var cmd *exec.Cmd
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

func (c *funcContext) translateExpr(expr ast.Expr) *expression {
	exprType := c.p.TypeOf(expr)
	if value := c.p.Types[expr].Value; value != nil {
		basic := exprType.Underlying().(*types.Basic)
		switch {
		case isBoolean(basic):
			return c.formatExpr("%s", strconv.FormatBool(exact.BoolVal(value)))
		case isInteger(basic):
			if is64Bit(basic) {
				if basic.Kind() == types.Int64 {
					d, ok := exact.Int64Val(value)
					if !ok {
						panic("could not get exact uint")
					}
					return c.formatExpr("new %s(%s, %s)", c.typeName(exprType), strconv.FormatInt(d>>32, 10), strconv.FormatUint(uint64(d)&(1<<32-1), 10))
				}
				d, ok := exact.Uint64Val(value)
				if !ok {
					panic("could not get exact uint")
				}
				return c.formatExpr("new %s(%s, %s)", c.typeName(exprType), strconv.FormatUint(d>>32, 10), strconv.FormatUint(d&(1<<32-1), 10))
			}
			d, ok := exact.Int64Val(value)
			if !ok {
				panic("could not get exact int")
			}
			return c.formatExpr("%s", strconv.FormatInt(d, 10))
		case isFloat(basic):
			f, _ := exact.Float64Val(value)
			return c.formatExpr("%s", strconv.FormatFloat(f, 'g', -1, 64))
		case isComplex(basic):
			r, _ := exact.Float64Val(exact.Real(value))
			i, _ := exact.Float64Val(exact.Imag(value))
			if basic.Kind() == types.UntypedComplex {
				exprType = types.Typ[types.Complex128]
			}
			return c.formatExpr("new %s(%s, %s)", c.typeName(exprType), strconv.FormatFloat(r, 'g', -1, 64), strconv.FormatFloat(i, 'g', -1, 64))
		case isString(basic):
			return c.formatExpr("%s", encodeString(exact.StringVal(value)))
		default:
			panic("Unhandled constant type: " + basic.String())
		}
	}

	var obj types.Object
	switch e := expr.(type) {
	case *ast.SelectorExpr:
		obj = c.p.Uses[e.Sel]
	case *ast.Ident:
		obj = c.p.Defs[e]
		if obj == nil {
			obj = c.p.Uses[e]
		}
	}

	if obj != nil && typesutil.IsJsPackage(obj.Pkg()) {
		switch obj.Name() {
		case "Global":
			return c.formatExpr("$global")
		case "Module":
			return c.formatExpr("$module")
		case "Undefined":
			return c.formatExpr("undefined")
		}
	}

	switch e := expr.(type) {
	case *ast.CompositeLit:
		if ptrType, isPointer := exprType.(*types.Pointer); isPointer {
			exprType = ptrType.Elem()
		}

		collectIndexedElements := func(elementType types.Type) []string {
			var elements []string
			i := 0
			zero := c.translateExpr(c.zeroValue(elementType)).String()
			for _, element := range e.Elts {
				if kve, isKve := element.(*ast.KeyValueExpr); isKve {
					key, ok := exact.Int64Val(c.p.Types[kve.Key].Value)
					if !ok {
						panic("could not get exact int")
					}
					i = int(key)
					element = kve.Value
				}
				for len(elements) <= i {
					elements = append(elements, zero)
				}
				elements[i] = c.translateImplicitConversionWithCloning(element, elementType).String()
				i++
			}
			return elements
		}

		switch t := exprType.Underlying().(type) {
		case *types.Array:
			elements := collectIndexedElements(t.Elem())
			if len(elements) == 0 {
				return c.formatExpr("%s.zero()", c.typeName(t))
			}
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

// Run runs program analysis and computes the resulting markup,
// populating *result in a thread-safe manner, first with type
// information then later with pointer analysis information if
// enabled by the pta flag.
//
func Run(pta bool, result *Result) {
	conf := loader.Config{
		AllowErrors: true,
	}

	// Silence the default error handler.
	// Don't print all errors; we'll report just
	// one per errant package later.
	conf.TypeChecker.Error = func(e error) {}

	var roots, args []string // roots[i] ends with os.PathSeparator

	// Enumerate packages in $GOROOT.
	root := filepath.Join(runtime.GOROOT(), "src") + string(os.PathSeparator)
	roots = append(roots, root)
	args = allPackages(root)
	log.Printf("GOROOT=%s: %s\n", root, args)

	// Enumerate packages in $GOPATH.
	for i, dir := range filepath.SplitList(build.Default.GOPATH) {
		root := filepath.Join(dir, "src") + string(os.PathSeparator)
		roots = append(roots, root)
		pkgs := allPackages(root)
		log.Printf("GOPATH[%d]=%s: %s\n", i, root, pkgs)
		args = append(args, pkgs...)
	}

	// Uncomment to make startup quicker during debugging.
	//args = []string{"golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc"}
	//args = []string{"fmt"}

	if _, err := conf.FromArgs(args, true); err != nil {
		// TODO(adonovan): degrade gracefully, not fail totally.
		// (The crippling case is a parse error in an external test file.)
		result.setStatusf("Analysis failed: %s.", err) // import error
		return
	}

	result.setStatusf("Loading and type-checking packages...")
	iprog, err := conf.Load()
	if iprog != nil {
		// Report only the first error of each package.
		for _, info := range iprog.AllPackages {
			for _, err := range info.Errors {
				fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
				break
			}
		}
		log.Printf("Loaded %d packages.", len(iprog.AllPackages))
	}
	if err != nil {
		result.setStatusf("Loading failed: %s.\n", err)
		return
	}

	// Create SSA-form program representation.
	// Only the transitively error-free packages are used.
	prog := ssautil.CreateProgram(iprog, ssa.GlobalDebug)

	// Compute the set of main packages, including testmain.
	allPackages := prog.AllPackages()
	var mainPkgs []*ssa.Package
	if testmain := prog.CreateTestMainPackage(allPackages...); testmain != nil {
		mainPkgs = append(mainPkgs, testmain)
		if p := testmain.Const("packages"); p != nil {
			log.Printf("Tested packages: %v", exact.StringVal(p.Value.Value))
		}
	}
	for _, pkg := range allPackages {
		if pkg.Pkg.Name() == "main" && pkg.Func("main") != nil {
			mainPkgs = append(mainPkgs, pkg)
		}
	}
	log.Print("Transitively error-free main packages: ", mainPkgs)

	// Build SSA code for bodies of all functions in the whole program.
	result.setStatusf("Constructing SSA form...")
	prog.Build()
	log.Print("SSA construction complete")

	a := analysis{
		result: result,
		prog:   prog,
		pcgs:   make(map[*ssa.Package]*packageCallGraph),
	}

	// Build a mapping from openable filenames to godoc file URLs,
	// i.e. "/src/" plus path relative to GOROOT/src or GOPATH[i]/src.
	a.path2url = make(map[string]string)
	for _, info := range iprog.AllPackages {
	nextfile:
		for _, f := range info.Files {
			if f.Pos() == 0 {
				continue // e.g. files generated by cgo
			}
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

//.........这里部分代码省略.........

		default:
			// if utyp is invalid, an error was reported before
			if utyp != Typ[Invalid] {
				check.errorf(e.Pos(), "invalid composite literal type %s", typ)
				goto Error
			}
		}

		x.mode = value
		x.typ = typ

	case *ast.ParenExpr:
		kind := check.rawExpr(x, e.X, nil)
		x.expr = e
		return kind

	case *ast.SelectorExpr:
		check.selector(x, e)

	case *ast.IndexExpr:
		check.expr(x, e.X)
		if x.mode == invalid {
			goto Error
		}

		valid := false
		length := int64(-1) // valid if >= 0
		switch typ := x.typ.Underlying().(type) {
		case *Basic:
			if isString(typ) {
				valid = true
				if x.mode == constant {
					length = int64(len(exact.StringVal(x.val)))
				}
				// an indexed string always yields a byte value
				// (not a constant) even if the string and the
				// index are constant
				x.mode = value
				x.typ = UniverseByte // use 'byte' name
			}

		case *Array:
			valid = true
			length = typ.len
			if x.mode != variable {
				x.mode = value
			}
			x.typ = typ.elem

		case *Pointer:
			if typ, _ := typ.base.Underlying().(*Array); typ != nil {
				valid = true
				length = typ.len
				x.mode = variable
				x.typ = typ.elem
			}

		case *Slice:
			valid = true
			x.mode = variable
			x.typ = typ.elem

		case *Map:
			var key operand
			check.expr(&key, e.Index)

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
			// fallthrough
		}

		// check general case by creating custom signature
		sig := makeSig(S, S, NewSlice(T)) // []T required for variadic signature
		sig.variadic = true
		check.arguments(x, call, sig, func(x *operand, i int) {
			// only evaluate arguments that have not been evaluated before
			if i < len(alist) {
				*x = alist[i]
				return
			}
			arg(x, i)
		}, nargs)
		// ok to continue even if check.arguments reported errors

		x.mode = value
		x.typ = S
		if check.Types != nil {
			check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, sig)
		}

	case _Cap, _Len:
		// cap(x)
		// len(x)
		mode := invalid
		var typ Type
		var val exact.Value
		switch typ = implicitArrayDeref(x.typ.Underlying()); t := typ.(type) {
		case *Basic:
			if isString(t) && id == _Len {
				if x.mode == constant {
					mode = constant
					val = exact.MakeInt64(int64(len(exact.StringVal(x.val))))
				} else {
					mode = value
				}
			}

		case *Array:
			mode = value
			// spec: "The expressions len(s) and cap(s) are constants
			// if the type of s is an array or pointer to an array and
			// the expression s does not contain channel receives or
			// function calls; in this case s is not evaluated."
			if !check.hasCallOrRecv {
				mode = constant
				val = exact.MakeInt64(t.len)
			}

		case *Slice, *Chan:
			mode = value

		case *Map:
			if id == _Len {
				mode = value
			}
		}

		if mode == invalid {
			check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s for %s", x, bin.name)
			return
		}

		x.mode = mode
		x.typ = Typ[Int]

// newValueFromConst converts a constant value to an LLVM value.
func (fr *frame) newValueFromConst(v exact.Value, typ types.Type) *govalue {
	switch {
	case v == nil:
		llvmtyp := fr.types.ToLLVM(typ)
		return newValue(llvm.ConstNull(llvmtyp), typ)

	case isString(typ):
		if isUntyped(typ) {
			typ = types.Typ[types.String]
		}
		llvmtyp := fr.types.ToLLVM(typ)
		strval := exact.StringVal(v)
		strlen := len(strval)
		i8ptr := llvm.PointerType(llvm.Int8Type(), 0)
		var ptr llvm.Value
		if strlen > 0 {
			init := llvm.ConstString(strval, false)
			ptr = llvm.AddGlobal(fr.module.Module, init.Type(), "")
			ptr.SetInitializer(init)
			ptr.SetLinkage(llvm.InternalLinkage)
			ptr = llvm.ConstBitCast(ptr, i8ptr)
		} else {
			ptr = llvm.ConstNull(i8ptr)
		}
		len_ := llvm.ConstInt(fr.types.inttype, uint64(strlen), false)
		llvmvalue := llvm.Undef(llvmtyp)
		llvmvalue = llvm.ConstInsertValue(llvmvalue, ptr, []uint32{0})
		llvmvalue = llvm.ConstInsertValue(llvmvalue, len_, []uint32{1})
		return newValue(llvmvalue, typ)

	case isInteger(typ):
		if isUntyped(typ) {
			typ = types.Typ[types.Int]
		}
		llvmtyp := fr.types.ToLLVM(typ)
		var llvmvalue llvm.Value
		if isUnsigned(typ) {
			v, _ := exact.Uint64Val(v)
			llvmvalue = llvm.ConstInt(llvmtyp, v, false)
		} else {
			v, _ := exact.Int64Val(v)
			llvmvalue = llvm.ConstInt(llvmtyp, uint64(v), true)
		}
		return newValue(llvmvalue, typ)

	case isBoolean(typ):
		if isUntyped(typ) {
			typ = types.Typ[types.Bool]
		}
		return newValue(boolLLVMValue(exact.BoolVal(v)), typ)

	case isFloat(typ):
		if isUntyped(typ) {
			typ = types.Typ[types.Float64]
		}
		llvmtyp := fr.types.ToLLVM(typ)
		floatval, _ := exact.Float64Val(v)
		llvmvalue := llvm.ConstFloat(llvmtyp, floatval)
		return newValue(llvmvalue, typ)

	case typ == types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer]:
		llvmtyp := fr.types.ToLLVM(typ)
		v, _ := exact.Uint64Val(v)
		llvmvalue := llvm.ConstInt(fr.types.inttype, v, false)
		llvmvalue = llvm.ConstIntToPtr(llvmvalue, llvmtyp)
		return newValue(llvmvalue, typ)

	case isComplex(typ):
		if isUntyped(typ) {
			typ = types.Typ[types.Complex128]
		}
		llvmtyp := fr.types.ToLLVM(typ)
		floattyp := llvmtyp.StructElementTypes()[0]
		llvmvalue := llvm.ConstNull(llvmtyp)
		realv := exact.Real(v)
		imagv := exact.Imag(v)
		realfloatval, _ := exact.Float64Val(realv)
		imagfloatval, _ := exact.Float64Val(imagv)
		llvmre := llvm.ConstFloat(floattyp, realfloatval)
		llvmim := llvm.ConstFloat(floattyp, imagfloatval)
		llvmvalue = llvm.ConstInsertValue(llvmvalue, llvmre, []uint32{0})
		llvmvalue = llvm.ConstInsertValue(llvmvalue, llvmim, []uint32{1})
		return newValue(llvmvalue, typ)
	}

	// Special case for string -> [](byte|rune)
	if u, ok := typ.Underlying().(*types.Slice); ok && isInteger(u.Elem()) {
		if v.Kind() == exact.String {
			strval := fr.newValueFromConst(v, types.Typ[types.String])
			return fr.convert(strval, typ)
		}
	}

	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unhandled: t=%s(%T), v=%v(%T)", typ, typ, v, v))
}