private bindLetElement(parentManifest: IElementSymbol, node: HTMLElement): void {
    const symbol = new LetElementSymbol(this.dom, node);
    parentManifest.childNodes.push(symbol);

    const attributes = node.attributes;
    let i = 0;
    while (i < attributes.length) {
      const attr = attributes[i];
      if (attr.name === 'to-view-model') {
        node.removeAttribute('to-view-model');
        symbol.toViewModel = true;
        continue;
      }
      const attrSyntax = this.attrParser.parse(attr.name, attr.value);
      const command = this.resources.getBindingCommand(attrSyntax);
      const bindingType = command === null ? BindingType.Interpolation : command.bindingType;
      const expr = this.exprParser.parse(attrSyntax.rawValue, bindingType);
      const to = PLATFORM.camelCase(attrSyntax.target);
      const info = new BindableInfo(to, BindingMode.toView);
      symbol.bindings.push(new BindingSymbol(command, info, expr, attrSyntax.rawValue, to));

      ++i;
    }
    node.parentNode.replaceChild(symbol.marker as Node, node);
  }

 private bindText(node: Text): ChildNode {
   if (Tracer.enabled) { Tracer.enter('TemplateBinder', 'bindText', slice.call(arguments)); }
   const interpolation = this.exprParser.parse(node.wholeText, BindingType.Interpolation);
   if (interpolation !== null) {
     const symbol = new TextSymbol(this.dom, node, interpolation);
     this.manifest.childNodes.push(symbol);
     processInterpolationText(symbol);
   }
   while (node.nextSibling !== null && node.nextSibling.nodeType === NodeType.Text) {
     node = node.nextSibling as Text;
   }
   if (Tracer.enabled) { Tracer.leave(); }
   return node;
 }

  private bindPlainAttribute(attrSyntax: AttrSyntax, attr: Attr): void {
    if (Tracer.enabled) { Tracer.enter('TemplateBinder', 'bindPlainAttribute', slice.call(arguments)); }

    if (attrSyntax.rawValue.length === 0) {
      if (Tracer.enabled) { Tracer.leave(); }
      return;
    }

    const command = this.resources.getBindingCommand(attrSyntax);
    const bindingType = command === null ? BindingType.Interpolation : command.bindingType;
    const manifest = this.manifest;
    const expr = this.exprParser.parse(attrSyntax.rawValue, bindingType);

    if (manifest.flags & SymbolFlags.isCustomElement) {
      const bindable = (manifest as CustomElementSymbol).bindables[attrSyntax.target];
      if (bindable !== undefined) {
        // if the attribute name matches a bindable property name, add it regardless of whether it's a command, interpolation, or just a plain string;
        // the template compiler will translate it to the correct instruction
        (manifest as CustomElementSymbol).bindings.push(new BindingSymbol(command, bindable, expr, attrSyntax.rawValue, attrSyntax.target));
        manifest.isTarget = true;
      } else if (expr !== null || attrSyntax.target === 'ref') {
        // if it does not map to a bindable, only add it if we were able to parse an expression (either a command or interpolation)
        manifest.attributes.push(new PlainAttributeSymbol(attrSyntax, command, expr));
        manifest.isTarget = true;
      }
    } else if (expr !== null || attrSyntax.target === 'ref') {
      // either a binding command, an interpolation, or a ref
      manifest.attributes.push(new PlainAttributeSymbol(attrSyntax, command, expr));
      manifest.isTarget = true;
    } else if (manifest === this.surrogate) {
      // any attributes, even if they are plain (no command/interpolation etc), should be added if they
      // are on the surrogate element
      manifest.attributes.push(new PlainAttributeSymbol(attrSyntax, command, expr));
    }

    if (command === null && expr !== null) {
      // if it's an interpolation, clear the attribute value
      attr.value = '';
    }

    if (Tracer.enabled) { Tracer.leave(); }
  }

  private declareTemplateController(attrSyntax: AttrSyntax, attrInfo: AttrInfo): TemplateControllerSymbol {
    if (Tracer.enabled) { Tracer.enter('TemplateBinder', 'declareTemplateController', slice.call(arguments)); }

    let symbol: TemplateControllerSymbol;
    // dynamicOptions logic here is similar to (and explained in) bindCustomAttribute
    const command = this.resources.getBindingCommand(attrSyntax);
    if (command === null && attrInfo.hasDynamicOptions) {
      symbol = new TemplateControllerSymbol(this.dom, attrSyntax, attrInfo, this.partName);
      this.partName = null;
      this.bindMultiAttribute(symbol, attrInfo, attrSyntax.rawValue);
    } else {
      symbol = new TemplateControllerSymbol(this.dom, attrSyntax, attrInfo, this.partName);
      const bindingType = command === null ? BindingType.Interpolation : command.bindingType;
      const expr = this.exprParser.parse(attrSyntax.rawValue, bindingType);
      symbol.bindings.push(new BindingSymbol(command, attrInfo.bindable, expr, attrSyntax.rawValue, attrSyntax.target));
      this.partName = null;
    }

    if (Tracer.enabled) { Tracer.leave(); }
    return symbol;
  }

  private bindMultiAttribute(symbol: IResourceAttributeSymbol, attrInfo: AttrInfo, value: string): void {
    if (Tracer.enabled) { Tracer.enter('TemplateBinder', 'bindMultiAttribute', slice.call(arguments)); }

    const attributes = parseMultiAttributeBinding(value);
    let attr: IAttrLike;
    for (let i = 0, ii = attributes.length; i < ii; ++i) {
      attr = attributes[i];
      const attrSyntax = this.attrParser.parse(attr.name, attr.value);
      const command = this.resources.getBindingCommand(attrSyntax);
      const bindingType = command === null ? BindingType.Interpolation : command.bindingType;
      const expr = this.exprParser.parse(attrSyntax.rawValue, bindingType);
      let bindable = attrInfo.bindables[attrSyntax.target];
      if (bindable === undefined) {
        // everything in a dynamicOptions expression must be used, so if it's not a bindable then we create one on the spot
        bindable = attrInfo.bindables[attrSyntax.target] = new BindableInfo(attrSyntax.target, BindingMode.toView);
      }

      symbol.bindings.push(new BindingSymbol(command, bindable, expr, attrSyntax.rawValue, attrSyntax.target));
    }

    if (Tracer.enabled) { Tracer.leave(); }
  }

  private bindCustomAttribute(attrSyntax: AttrSyntax, attrInfo: AttrInfo): void {
    if (Tracer.enabled) { Tracer.enter('TemplateBinder', 'bindCustomAttribute', slice.call(arguments)); }

    const command = this.resources.getBindingCommand(attrSyntax);
    let symbol: CustomAttributeSymbol;
    if (command === null && attrInfo.hasDynamicOptions) {
      // a dynamicOptions (semicolon separated binding) is only valid without a binding command;
      // the binding commands must be declared in the dynamicOptions expression itself
      symbol = new CustomAttributeSymbol(attrSyntax, attrInfo);
      this.bindMultiAttribute(symbol, attrInfo, attrSyntax.rawValue);
    } else {
      // we've either got a command (with or without dynamicOptions, the latter maps to the first bindable),
      // or a null command but without dynamicOptions (which may be an interpolation or a normal string)
      symbol = new CustomAttributeSymbol(attrSyntax, attrInfo);
      const bindingType = command === null ? BindingType.Interpolation : command.bindingType;
      const expr = this.exprParser.parse(attrSyntax.rawValue, bindingType);
      symbol.bindings.push(new BindingSymbol(command, attrInfo.bindable, expr, attrSyntax.rawValue, attrSyntax.target));
    }
    this.manifest.attributes.push(symbol);
    this.manifest.isTarget = true;

    if (Tracer.enabled) { Tracer.leave(); }
  }