def testVerbose(self):
     excepted = "Verbose: hello\n"
     msger.verbose("hello")
     self.assertEqual("", sys.stdout.getvalue())
     msger.set_loglevel("verbose")
     msger.verbose("hello")
     self.assertEqual(excepted, sys.stdout.getvalue())

    def __format_filesystem(self):
        if self.skipformat:
            msger.debug("Skip filesystem format.")
            return

        msger.verbose("Formating %s filesystem on %s" % (self.fstype, self.disk.device))
        cmdlist = [self.mkfscmd, "-F", "-L", self.fslabel, "-m", "1", "-b",
                   str(self.blocksize)]
        if self.extopts:
            cmdlist.extend(self.extopts.split())
        cmdlist.extend([self.disk.device])

        rc, errout = runner.runtool(cmdlist, catch=2)
        if rc != 0:
            raise MountError("Error creating %s filesystem on disk %s:\n%s" %
                             (self.fstype, self.disk.device, errout))

        if not self.extopts:
            msger.debug("Tuning filesystem on %s" % self.disk.device)
            runner.show([self.tune2fs, "-c0", "-i0", "-Odir_index", "-ouser_xattr,acl", self.disk.device])

        rc, errout = runner.runtool([self.dumpe2fs, '-h', self.disk.device],
                                    catch=2)
        if rc != 0:
            raise MountError("Error dumpe2fs %s filesystem on disk %s:\n%s" %
                             (self.fstype, self.disk.device, errout))
        # FIXME: specify uuid in mkfs parameter
        try:
            self.uuid = self.__parse_field(out, "Filesystem UUID")
        except:
            self.uuid = None

    def _do_chroot_tar(cls, target, cmd=[]):
        mountfp_xml = os.path.splitext(target)[0] + '.xml'
        if not os.path.exists(mountfp_xml):
            raise errors.CreatorError("No mount point file found for this tar "
                                      "image, please check %s" % mountfp_xml)

        import tarfile
        tar = tarfile.open(target, 'r')
        tmpdir = misc.mkdtemp()
        tar.extractall(path=tmpdir)
        tar.close()

        mntdir = misc.mkdtemp()

        loops = []
        for (mp, label, name, size, fstype) in load_mountpoints(mountfp_xml):
            if fstype in ("ext2", "ext3", "ext4"):
                myDiskMount = fs_related.ExtDiskMount
            elif fstype == "btrfs":
                myDiskMount = fs_related.BtrfsDiskMount
            elif fstype in ("vfat", "msdos"):
                myDiskMount = fs_related.VfatDiskMount
            else:
                raise errors.CreatorError("Cannot support fstype: %s" % fstype)

            name = os.path.join(tmpdir, name)
            size = size * 1024L * 1024L
            loop = myDiskMount(fs_related.SparseLoopbackDisk(name, size),
                               os.path.join(mntdir, mp.lstrip('/')),
                               fstype, size, label)

            try:
                msger.verbose("Mount %s to %s" % (mp, mntdir + mp))
                fs_related.makedirs(os.path.join(mntdir, mp.lstrip('/')))
                loop.mount()

            except:
                loop.cleanup()
                for lp in reversed(loops):
                    chroot.cleanup_after_chroot("img", lp, None, mntdir)

                shutil.rmtree(tmpdir, ignore_errors=True)
                raise

            loops.append(loop)

        try:
            if len(cmd) != 0:
                cmdline = "/usr/bin/env HOME=/root " + ' '.join(cmd)
            else:
                cmdline = "/usr/bin/env HOME=/root /bin/bash"
            chroot.chroot(mntdir, None, cmdline)
        except:
            raise errors.CreatorError("Failed to chroot to %s." % target)
        finally:
            for loop in reversed(loops):
                chroot.cleanup_after_chroot("img", loop, None, mntdir)

            shutil.rmtree(tmpdir, ignore_errors=True)

    def get_bind_mounts(chrootdir, bindmounts, mountparent = True):
        chrootmounts = []
        if bindmounts in ("", None):
            bindmounts = ""

        for mount in bindmounts.split(";"):
            if not mount:
                continue

            srcdst = mount.split(":")
            srcdst[0] = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(srcdst[0]))
            if len(srcdst) == 1:
                srcdst.append("none")

            # if some bindmount is not existed, but it's created inside
            # chroot, this is not expected
            if not os.path.exists(srcdst[0]):
                os.makedirs(srcdst[0])

            if not os.path.isdir(srcdst[0]):
                continue

            if srcdst[0] in BIND_MOUNTS or srcdst[0] == '/':
                msger.verbose("%s will be mounted by default." % srcdst[0])
                continue

            if srcdst[1] == "" or srcdst[1] == "none":
                srcdst[1] = None
            else:
                srcdst[1] = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(srcdst[1]))
                if os.path.isdir(chrootdir + "/" + srcdst[1]):
                    msger.warning("%s has existed in %s , skip it."\
                                  % (srcdst[1], chrootdir))
                    continue

            chrootmounts.append(fs_related.BindChrootMount(srcdst[0],
                                                           chrootdir,
                                                           srcdst[1]))

        """Default bind mounts"""
        for pt in BIND_MOUNTS:
            chrootmounts.append(fs_related.BindChrootMount(pt,
                                                           chrootdir,
                                                           None))

        if mountparent:
            chrootmounts.append(fs_related.BindChrootMount("/",
                                                           chrootdir,
                                                           "/parentroot",
                                                           "ro"))

        for kernel in os.listdir("/lib/modules"):
            chrootmounts.append(fs_related.BindChrootMount(
                                                "/lib/modules/"+kernel,
                                                chrootdir,
                                                None,
                                                "ro"))

        return chrootmounts

    def __format_filesystem(self):
        if self.skipformat:
            msger.debug("Skip filesystem format.")
            return

        msger.verbose("Formating %s filesystem on %s" % (self.fstype, self.disk.device))
        rc = runner.show([self.mkfscmd, "-L", self.fslabel, self.disk.device])
        if rc != 0:
            raise MountError("Error creating %s filesystem on disk %s" % (self.fstype,self.disk.device))

        self.uuid = self.__parse_field(runner.outs([self.blkidcmd, self.disk.device]), "UUID")

    def copy_attachment(self):
        if not hasattr(self, '_attachment') or not self._attachment:
            return

        self._check_imgdir()

        msger.info("Copying attachment files...")
        for item in self._attachment:
            dpath = os.path.join(self.__imgdir, os.path.basename(item))
            msger.verbose("Copy attachment %s to %s" % (item, dpath))
            shutil.copy(item, dpath)

    def __format_filesystem(self):
        if self.skipformat:
            msger.debug("Skip filesystem format.")
            return

        msger.verbose("Formating %s filesystem on %s" % (self.fstype, self.disk.device))
        rc = runner.show([self.mkfscmd, "-n", self.fslabel, "-i", self.uuid, self.disk.device])
        if rc != 0:
            raise MountError("Error creating %s filesystem on disk %s" % (self.fstype,self.disk.device))

        msger.verbose("Tuning filesystem on %s" % self.disk.device)

    def _mount_instroot(self, base_on=None):

        if base_on and os.path.isfile(base_on):
            self.__imgdir = os.path.dirname(base_on)
            imgname = os.path.basename(base_on)
            self._base_on(base_on)
            self._set_image_size(misc.get_file_size(self._image))

            # here, self._instloops must be []
            self._instloops.append({
                 "mountpoint": "/",
                 "label": self.name,
                 "name": imgname,
                 "size": self.__image_size or 4096L,
                 "fstype": self.__fstype or "ext3",
                 "extopts": None,
                 "loop": None
                 })

        self._check_imgdir()

        for loop in self._instloops:
            fstype = loop['fstype']
            mp = os.path.join(self._instroot, loop['mountpoint'].lstrip('/'))
            size = loop['size'] * 1024L * 1024L
            imgname = loop['name']

            if fstype in ("ext2", "ext3", "ext4"):
                MyDiskMount = fs.ExtDiskMount
            elif fstype == "btrfs":
                MyDiskMount = fs.BtrfsDiskMount
            elif fstype in ("vfat", "msdos"):
                MyDiskMount = fs.VfatDiskMount
            else:
                msger.error('Cannot support fstype: %s' % fstype)

            loop['loop'] = MyDiskMount(fs.SparseLoopbackDisk(
                                           os.path.join(self.__imgdir, imgname),
                                           size),
                                       mp,
                                       fstype,
                                       self._blocksize,
                                       loop['label'])

            if fstype in ("ext2", "ext3", "ext4"):
                loop['loop'].extopts = loop['extopts']

            try:
                msger.verbose('Mounting image "%s" on "%s"' % (imgname, mp))
                fs.makedirs(mp)
                loop['loop'].mount()
            except MountError, e:
                raise

    def addRepository(self, name, url = None, mirrorlist = None, proxy = None,
                      proxy_username = None, proxy_password = None,
                      inc = None, exc = None, ssl_verify=True, nocache=False,
                      cost = None, priority=None):
        # TODO: Handle priority attribute for repos
        def _varSubstitute(option):
            # takes a variable and substitutes like yum configs do
            option = option.replace("$basearch", rpmUtils.arch.getBaseArch())
            option = option.replace("$arch", rpmUtils.arch.getCanonArch())
            return option

        repo = MyYumRepository(name)

        # Set proxy
        repo.proxy = proxy
        repo.proxy_username = proxy_username
        repo.proxy_password = proxy_password

        if url:
            repo.baseurl.append(_varSubstitute(url))

        # check LICENSE files
        if not rpmmisc.checkRepositoryEULA(name, repo):
            msger.warning('skip repo:%s for failed EULA confirmation' % name)
            return None

        if mirrorlist:
            repo.mirrorlist = _varSubstitute(mirrorlist)

        conf = yum.config.RepoConf()
        for k, v in conf.iteritems():
            if v or not hasattr(repo, k):
                repo.setAttribute(k, v)

        repo.sslverify = ssl_verify
        repo.cache = not nocache

        repo.basecachedir = self.cachedir
        repo.base_persistdir = self.conf.persistdir
        repo.failovermethod = "priority"
        repo.metadata_expire = 0
        # Enable gpg check for verifying corrupt packages
        repo.gpgcheck = 1
        repo.enable()
        repo.setup(0)
        self.repos.add(repo)
        if cost:
            repo.cost = cost

        msger.verbose('repo: %s was added' % name)
        return repo

def extract_rpm(rpmfile, targetdir):
    rpm2cpio = find_binary_path("rpm2cpio")
    cpio = find_binary_path("cpio")

    olddir = os.getcwd()
    os.chdir(targetdir)

    msger.verbose("Extract rpm file with cpio: %s" % rpmfile)
    p1 = subprocess.Popen([rpm2cpio, rpmfile], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    p2 = subprocess.Popen([cpio, "-idv"], stdin=p1.stdout,
                          stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
    (sout, serr) = p2.communicate()
    msger.verbose(sout or serr)

    os.chdir(olddir)

    def __format_filesystem(self):
        if self.skipformat:
            msger.debug("Skip filesystem format.")
            return

        msger.verbose("Formating %s filesystem on %s" % (self.fstype, self.disk.device))
        rc = runner.show(
            [self.mkfscmd, "-F", "-L", self.fslabel, "-m", "1", "-b", str(self.blocksize), self.disk.device]
        )  # str(self.disk.size / self.blocksize)])
        if rc != 0:
            raise MountError("Error creating %s filesystem on disk %s" % (self.fstype, self.disk.device))

        out = runner.outs([self.dumpe2fs, "-h", self.disk.device])

        self.uuid = self.__parse_field(out, "Filesystem UUID")
        msger.debug("Tuning filesystem on %s" % self.disk.device)
        runner.show([self.tune2fs, "-c0", "-i0", "-Odir_index", "-ouser_xattr,acl", self.disk.device])

def show(cmdln_or_args):
    # show all the message using msger.verbose

    rc, out = runtool(cmdln_or_args, catch=3)

    if isinstance(cmdln_or_args, list):
        cmd = ' '.join(cmdln_or_args)
    else:
        cmd = cmdln_or_args

    msg =  'running command: "%s"' % cmd
    if out: out = out.strip()
    if out:
        msg += ', with output::'
        msg += '\n  +----------------'
        for line in out.splitlines():
            msg += '\n  | %s' % line
        msg += '\n  +----------------'

    msger.verbose(msg)
    return rc

    def _load_all(self):
        for (pdir, loaded) in self.plugin_dirs.iteritems():
            if loaded: continue

            sys.path.insert(0, pdir)
            for mod in [x[:-3] for x in os.listdir(pdir) if x.endswith(".py")]:
                if mod and mod != '__init__':
                    if mod in sys.modules:
                        #self.plugin_dirs[pdir] = True
                        msger.warning("Module %s already exists, skip" % mod)
                    else:
                        try:
                            pymod = __import__(mod)
                            self.plugin_dirs[pdir] = True
                            msger.debug("Plugin module %s:%s imported"\
                                        % (mod, pymod.__file__))
                        except ImportError, err:
                            msg = 'Failed to load plugin %s/%s: %s' \
                                % (os.path.basename(pdir), mod, err)
                            msger.verbose(msg)

            del(sys.path[0])

 def bind_unmount(chrootmounts):
     chrootmounts.reverse()
     for b in chrootmounts:
         msger.verbose("bind_unmount: %s -> %s" % (b.src, b.dest))
         b.unmount()

    def installPkgs(self, package_objects):
        if not self.ts:
            self.__initialize_transaction()

        # clean rpm lock
        self._cleanupRpmdbLocks(self.instroot)
        self._cleanupZyppJunk(self.instroot)
        # Set filters
        probfilter = 0
        for flag in self.probFilterFlags:
            probfilter |= flag
        self.ts.setProbFilter(probfilter)
        self.ts_pre.setProbFilter(probfilter)

        localpkgs = self.localpkgs.keys()

        for po in package_objects:
            pkgname = po.name()
            if pkgname in localpkgs:
                rpmpath = self.localpkgs[pkgname]
            else:
                rpmpath = self.getLocalPkgPath(po)

            if not os.path.exists(rpmpath):
                # Maybe it is a local repo
                rpmuri = self.get_url(po)
                if rpmuri.startswith("file:/"):
                    rpmpath = rpmuri[5:]

            if not os.path.exists(rpmpath):
                raise RpmError("Error: %s doesn't exist" % rpmpath)

            h = rpmmisc.readRpmHeader(self.ts, rpmpath)

            if pkgname in self.pre_pkgs:
                msger.verbose("pre-install package added: %s" % pkgname)
                self.ts_pre.addInstall(h, rpmpath, 'u')

            self.ts.addInstall(h, rpmpath, 'u')

        unresolved_dependencies = self.ts.check()
        if not unresolved_dependencies:
            if self.pre_pkgs:
                self.preinstallPkgs()

            self.ts.order()
            cb = rpmmisc.RPMInstallCallback(self.ts)
            installlogfile = "%s/__catched_stderr.buf" % (self.instroot)

            # start to catch stderr output from librpm
            msger.enable_logstderr(installlogfile)

            errors = self.ts.run(cb.callback, '')
            # stop catch
            msger.disable_logstderr()
            self.ts.closeDB()
            self.ts = None

            if errors is not None:
                if len(errors) == 0:
                    msger.warning('scriptlet or other non-fatal errors occurred '
                                  'during transaction.')

                else:
                    for e in errors:
                        msger.warning(e[0])
                    raise RepoError('Could not run transaction.')

        else:
            for pkg, need, needflags, sense, key in unresolved_dependencies:
                package = '-'.join(pkg)

                if needflags == rpm.RPMSENSE_LESS:
                    deppkg = ' < '.join(need)
                elif needflags == rpm.RPMSENSE_EQUAL:
                    deppkg = ' = '.join(need)
                elif needflags == rpm.RPMSENSE_GREATER:
                    deppkg = ' > '.join(need)
                else:
                    deppkg = '-'.join(need)

                if sense == rpm.RPMDEP_SENSE_REQUIRES:
                    msger.warning("[%s] Requires [%s], which is not provided" \
                                  % (package, deppkg))

                elif sense == rpm.RPMDEP_SENSE_CONFLICTS:
                    msger.warning("[%s] Conflicts with [%s]" %(package,deppkg))

            raise RepoError("Unresolved dependencies, transaction failed.")

    def callback(self, what, bytes, total, h, user):
        if what == rpm.RPMCALLBACK_TRANS_START:
            if bytes == 6:
                self.total_actions = total

        elif what == rpm.RPMCALLBACK_TRANS_PROGRESS:
            pass

        elif what == rpm.RPMCALLBACK_TRANS_STOP:
            pass

        elif what == rpm.RPMCALLBACK_INST_OPEN_FILE:
            self.lastmsg = None
            hdr = None
            if h is not None:
                try:
                    hdr, rpmloc = h
                except:
                    rpmloc = h
                    hdr = readRpmHeader(self.ts, h)

                handle = self._makeHandle(hdr)
                fd = os.open(rpmloc, os.O_RDONLY)
                self.callbackfilehandles[handle]=fd
                self.total_installed += 1
                self.installed_pkg_names.append(hdr['name'])
                return fd
            else:
                self._localprint("No header - huh?")

        elif what == rpm.RPMCALLBACK_INST_CLOSE_FILE:
            hdr = None
            if h is not None:
                try:
                    hdr, rpmloc = h
                except:
                    rpmloc = h
                    hdr = readRpmHeader(self.ts, h)

                handle = self._makeHandle(hdr)
                os.close(self.callbackfilehandles[handle])
                fd = 0

                # log stuff
                #pkgtup = self._dopkgtup(hdr)
                self.logString.append(self._logPkgString(hdr))

        elif what == rpm.RPMCALLBACK_INST_PROGRESS:
            if h is not None:
                percent = (self.total_installed*100L)/self.total_actions
                if total > 0:
                    try:
                        hdr, rpmloc = h
                    except:
                        rpmloc = h

                    m = re.match("(.*)-(\d+.*)-(\d+\.\d+)\.(.+)\.rpm", os.path.basename(rpmloc))
                    if m:
                        pkgname = m.group(1)
                    else:
                        pkgname = os.path.basename(rpmloc)
                if self.output and (sys.stdout.isatty() or self.total_installed == self.total_actions):
                    fmt = self._makefmt(percent)
                    msg = fmt % (self.headmsg, pkgname)
                    if msg != self.lastmsg:
                        self.lastmsg = msg

                        msger.info(msg)

                        if self.total_installed == self.total_actions:
                            msger.raw('')
                            msger.verbose('\n'.join(self.logString))

        elif what == rpm.RPMCALLBACK_UNINST_START:
            pass

        elif what == rpm.RPMCALLBACK_UNINST_PROGRESS:
            pass

        elif what == rpm.RPMCALLBACK_UNINST_STOP:
            self.total_removed += 1

        elif what == rpm.RPMCALLBACK_REPACKAGE_START:
            pass

        elif what == rpm.RPMCALLBACK_REPACKAGE_STOP:
            pass

        elif what == rpm.RPMCALLBACK_REPACKAGE_PROGRESS:
            pass

    for url in repo.baseurl:
        tmphandlers = handlers[:]

        (scheme, host, path, parm, query, frag) = urlparse.urlparse(url.rstrip('/') + '/')
        if scheme not in ("http", "https", "ftp", "ftps", "file"):
            raise CreatorError("Error: invalid url %s" % url)

        if '@' in host:
            try:
                user_pass, host = host.split('@', 1)
                if ':' in user_pass:
                    user, password = user_pass.split(':', 1)
            except ValueError, e:
                raise CreatorError('Bad URL: %s' % url)

            msger.verbose("adding HTTP auth: %s, %s" %(user, password))
            auth_handler.add_password(None, host, user, password)
            tmphandlers.append(auth_handler)
            url = scheme + "://" + host + path + parm + query + frag

        if tmphandlers:
            u2opener = u2.build_opener(*tmphandlers)

        # try to download
        repo_eula_url = urlparse.urljoin(url, "LICENSE.txt")
        repo_eula_path = _check_and_download_url(
                                u2opener,
                                repo_eula_url,
                                os.path.join(repo_lic_dir, repo.id + '_LICENSE.txt'))
        if repo_eula_path:
            # found

    for url in repo.baseurl:
        tmphandlers = handlers[:]

        (scheme, host, path, parm, query, frag) = urlparse.urlparse(url.rstrip('/') + '/')
        if scheme not in ("http", "https", "ftp", "ftps", "file"):
            raise CreatorError("Error: invalid url %s" % url)

        if '@' in host:
            try:
                user_pass, host = host.split('@', 1)
                if ':' in user_pass:
                    user, password = user_pass.split(':', 1)
            except ValueError, e:
                raise CreatorError('Bad URL: %s' % url)

            msger.verbose("adding HTTP auth: %s, XXXXXXXX" %(user))
            auth_handler.add_password(None, host, user, password)
            tmphandlers.append(auth_handler)
            url = scheme + "://" + host + path + parm + query + frag

        if tmphandlers:
            u2opener = u2.build_opener(*tmphandlers)

        # try to download
        repo_eula_url = urlparse.urljoin(url, "LICENSE.txt")
        repo_eula_path = _check_and_download_url(
                                u2opener,
                                repo_eula_url,
                                os.path.join(repo_lic_dir, repo.id + '_LICENSE.txt'))
        if repo_eula_path:
            # found

    def do_chroot(cls, target, cmd=[]):
        img = target
        imgsize = misc.get_file_size(img) * 1024L * 1024L
        partedcmd = fs_related.find_binary_path("parted")
        disk = fs_related.SparseLoopbackDisk(img, imgsize)
        imgmnt = misc.mkdtemp()
        imgloop = PartitionedMount(imgmnt, skipformat = True)
        imgloop.add_disk('/dev/sdb', disk)
        img_fstype = "ext3"

        msger.info("Partition Table:")
        partnum = []
        for line in runner.outs([partedcmd, "-s", img, "print"]).splitlines():
            # no use strip to keep line output here
            if "Number" in line:
                msger.raw(line)
            if line.strip() and line.strip()[0].isdigit():
                partnum.append(line.strip()[0])
                msger.raw(line)

        rootpart = None
        if len(partnum) > 1:
            rootpart = msger.choice("please choose root partition", partnum)

        # Check the partitions from raw disk.
        # if choose root part, the mark it as mounted
        if rootpart:
            root_mounted = True
        else:
            root_mounted = False
        partition_mounts = 0
        for line in runner.outs([partedcmd,"-s",img,"unit","B","print"]).splitlines():
            line = line.strip()

            # Lines that start with number are the partitions,
            # because parted can be translated we can't refer to any text lines.
            if not line or not line[0].isdigit():
                continue

            # Some vars have extra , as list seperator.
            line = line.replace(",","")

            # Example of parted output lines that are handled:
            # Number  Start        End          Size         Type     File system     Flags
            #  1      512B         3400000511B  3400000000B  primary
            #  2      3400531968B  3656384511B  255852544B   primary  linux-swap(v1)
            #  3      3656384512B  3720347647B  63963136B    primary  fat16           boot, lba

            partition_info = re.split("\s+",line)

            size = partition_info[3].split("B")[0]

            if len(partition_info) < 6 or partition_info[5] in ["boot"]:
                # No filesystem can be found from partition line. Assuming
                # btrfs, because that is the only MeeGo fs that parted does
                # not recognize properly.
                # TODO: Can we make better assumption?
                fstype = "btrfs"
            elif partition_info[5] in ["ext2","ext3","ext4","btrfs"]:
                fstype = partition_info[5]
            elif partition_info[5] in ["fat16","fat32"]:
                fstype = "vfat"
            elif "swap" in partition_info[5]:
                fstype = "swap"
            else:
                raise errors.CreatorError("Could not recognize partition fs type '%s'." % partition_info[5])

            if rootpart and rootpart == line[0]:
                mountpoint = '/'
            elif not root_mounted and fstype in ["ext2","ext3","ext4","btrfs"]:
                # TODO: Check that this is actually the valid root partition from /etc/fstab
                mountpoint = "/"
                root_mounted = True
            elif fstype == "swap":
                mountpoint = "swap"
            else:
                # TODO: Assing better mount points for the rest of the partitions.
                partition_mounts += 1
                mountpoint = "/media/partition_%d" % partition_mounts

            if "boot" in partition_info:
                boot = True
            else:
                boot = False

            msger.verbose("Size: %s Bytes, fstype: %s, mountpoint: %s, boot: %s" % (size, fstype, mountpoint, boot))
            # TODO: add_partition should take bytes as size parameter.
            imgloop.add_partition((int)(size)/1024/1024, "/dev/sdb", mountpoint, fstype = fstype, boot = boot)

        try:
            imgloop.mount()

        except errors.MountError:
            imgloop.cleanup()
            raise

        try:
            if len(cmd) != 0:
                cmdline = ' '.join(cmd)
            else:
#.........这里部分代码省略.........

def bind_mount(chrootmounts):
    """ perform bind mounting """
    for mnt in chrootmounts:
        msger.verbose("bind_mount: %s -> %s" % (mnt.src, mnt.dest))
        mnt.mount()