def builtin_func_for_spec(rtyper, oopspec_name, ll_args, ll_res):
    key = (oopspec_name, tuple(ll_args), ll_res)
    try:
        return rtyper._builtin_func_for_spec_cache[key]
    except (KeyError, AttributeError):
        pass
    args_s = [annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(v) for v in ll_args]
    if "." not in oopspec_name:  # 'newxxx' operations
        LIST_OR_DICT = ll_res
    else:
        LIST_OR_DICT = ll_args[0]
    s_result = annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(ll_res)
    impl = setup_extra_builtin(rtyper, oopspec_name, len(args_s))
    if getattr(impl, "need_result_type", False):
        bk = rtyper.annotator.bookkeeper
        args_s.insert(0, annmodel.SomePBC([bk.getdesc(deref(ll_res))]))
    #
    mixlevelann = MixLevelHelperAnnotator(rtyper)
    c_func = mixlevelann.constfunc(impl, args_s, s_result)
    mixlevelann.finish()
    #
    if not hasattr(rtyper, "_builtin_func_for_spec_cache"):
        rtyper._builtin_func_for_spec_cache = {}
    rtyper._builtin_func_for_spec_cache[key] = (c_func, LIST_OR_DICT)
    #
    return c_func, LIST_OR_DICT

def get_external_function_sandbox_graph(fnobj, db, force_stub=False):
    """Build the graph of a helper trampoline function to be used
    in place of real calls to the external function 'fnobj'.  The
    trampoline marshals its input arguments, dumps them to STDOUT,
    and waits for an answer on STDIN.
    """
    fnname = fnobj._name
    if hasattr(fnobj, 'graph'):
        # get the annotation of the input arguments and the result
        graph = fnobj.graph
        annotator = db.translator.annotator
        args_s = [annotator.binding(v) for v in graph.getargs()]
        s_result = annotator.binding(graph.getreturnvar())
    else:
        # pure external function - fall back to the annotations
        # corresponding to the ll types
        FUNCTYPE = lltype.typeOf(fnobj)
        args_s = [annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(ARG) for ARG in FUNCTYPE.ARGS]
        s_result = annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(FUNCTYPE.RESULT)

    try:
        if force_stub:   # old case - don't try to support suggested_primitive
            raise NotImplementedError("sandboxing for external function '%s'"
                                      % (fnname,))

        dump_arguments = rmarshal.get_marshaller(tuple(args_s))
        load_result = rmarshal.get_loader(s_result)

    except (NotImplementedError,
            rmarshal.CannotMarshal,
            rmarshal.CannotUnmarshall), e:
        msg = 'Not Implemented: %s' % (e,)
        log.WARNING(msg)
        def execute(*args):
            not_implemented_stub(msg)

 def postprocess_timeshifting(self):
     annhelper = self.hrtyper.annhelper
     convert_result = getattr(self.main, 'convert_result', str)
     annotator = self.rtyper.annotator
     args_s = [annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(v.concretetype)
               for v in self.maingraph.getargs()]
     retvar = self.maingraph.getreturnvar()
     s_result = annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(retvar.concretetype)
     main_fnptr = self.rtyper.type_system.getcallable(self.maingraph)
     main = PseudoHighLevelCallable(main_fnptr, args_s, s_result)
     
     if hasattr(self.main, 'convert_arguments'):
         decoders = self.main.convert_arguments
         assert len(decoders) == len(args_s)
     else:
         decoders = [int] * len(args_s)
     decoders = unrolling_iterable(decoders)
     def ll_main(argv):
         args = ()
         i = 1
         for decoder in decoders:
             args += (decoder(argv[i]),)
             i = i + 1
         try:
             res = main(*args)
         except Exception, e:
             os.write(1, 'EXCEPTION: %s\n' % (e,))
             return 0
         os.write(1, convert_result(res) + '\n')
         return 0

 def helper_func(self, FUNCPTR, func):
     if not self.cpu.translate_support_code:
         return llhelper(FUNCPTR, func)
     FUNC = get_functype(FUNCPTR)
     args_s = [annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(ARG) for ARG in FUNC.ARGS]
     s_result = annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(FUNC.RESULT)
     graph = self.annhelper.getgraph(func, args_s, s_result)
     return self.annhelper.graph2delayed(graph, FUNC)

 def compute_result_annotation(self, s_F, s_callable):
     assert s_F.is_constant()
     assert s_callable.is_constant()
     F = s_F.const
     args_s = [annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(T) for T in F.TO.ARGS]
     key = (llhelper, s_callable.const)
     s_res = self.bookkeeper.emulate_pbc_call(key, s_callable, args_s)
     assert annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(F.TO.RESULT).contains(s_res)
     return annmodel.SomePtr(F)

 def compute_result_annotation(self, s_F, s_callable):
     assert s_F.is_constant()
     assert s_callable.is_constant()
     F = s_F.const
     if isinstance(F, ootype.OOType):
         FUNC = F
         resultcls = annmodel.SomeOOStaticMeth
     else:
         FUNC = F.TO
         resultcls = annmodel.SomePtr
     
     args_s = [annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(T) for T in FUNC.ARGS]
     key = (llhelper, s_callable.const)
     s_res = self.bookkeeper.emulate_pbc_call(key, s_callable, args_s)
     assert annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(FUNC.RESULT).contains(s_res)
     return resultcls(F)

def _compute_annotation(t, bookkeeper=None):
    from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem import lltype
    from pypy.annotation.bookkeeper import getbookkeeper
    from pypy.rpython import extregistry
    if isinstance(t, SomeObject):
        return t
    elif isinstance(t, lltype.LowLevelType):
        return lltype_to_annotation(t)
    elif isinstance(t, list):
        assert len(t) == 1, "We do not support type joining in list"
        listdef = ListDef(bookkeeper, annotation(t[0]), mutated=True, resized=True)
        return SomeList(listdef)
    elif isinstance(t, tuple):
        return SomeTuple(tuple([annotation(i) for i in t]))
    elif isinstance(t, dict):
        assert len(t) == 1, "We do not support type joining in dict"
        result = SomeDict(DictDef(bookkeeper, annotation(t.keys()[0]),
                                annotation(t.values()[0])))
        return result
    elif type(t) is types.NoneType:
        return s_None
    elif extregistry.is_registered(t):
        entry = extregistry.lookup(t)
        entry.bookkeeper = bookkeeper
        return entry.compute_result_annotation()
    else:
        return annotationoftype(t, bookkeeper)

    def gendirectcall(self, ll_function, *args_v):
        rtyper = self.rtyper
        args_s = []
        newargs_v = []
        for v in args_v:
            if v.concretetype is Void:
                s_value = rtyper.binding(v, default=annmodel.s_None)
                if not s_value.is_constant():
                    raise TyperError("non-constant variable of type Void")
                if not isinstance(s_value, annmodel.SomePBC):
                    raise TyperError("non-PBC Void argument: %r", (s_value,))
                args_s.append(s_value)
            else:
                args_s.append(annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(v.concretetype))
            newargs_v.append(v)
        
        self.rtyper.call_all_setups()  # compute ForwardReferences now

        # hack for bound methods
        if hasattr(ll_function, 'im_func'):
            bk = rtyper.annotator.bookkeeper
            args_s.insert(0, bk.immutablevalue(ll_function.im_self))
            newargs_v.insert(0, inputconst(Void, ll_function.im_self))
            ll_function = ll_function.im_func

        graph = annotate_lowlevel_helper(rtyper.annotator, ll_function, args_s,
                                         rtyper.lowlevel_ann_policy)
        self.record_extra_call(graph)

        # build the 'direct_call' operation
        f = self.rtyper.getcallable(graph)
        c = inputconst(typeOf(f), f)
        fobj = self.rtyper.type_system_deref(f)
        return self.genop('direct_call', [c]+newargs_v,
                          resulttype = typeOf(fobj).RESULT)

 def annotation(x):
     T = typeOf(x)
     if T == Ptr(PyObject) and someobjects:
         return object
     elif T == Ptr(rstr.STR):
         return str
     else:
         return lltype_to_annotation(T)

    def test_ll_calling_ll(self):
        A = GcArray(Float)
        B = GcArray(Signed)
        def ll_make(T, n):
            x = malloc(T, n)
            return x
        def ll_get(T, x, i):
            return x[i]
        def llf():
            a = ll_make(A, 3)
            b = ll_make(B, 2)
            a[0] = 1.0
            b[1] = 3
            y0 = ll_get(A, a, 1)
            y1 = ll_get(B, b, 1)
            #
            a2 = ll_make(A, 4)
            a2[0] = 2.0
            return ll_get(A, a2, 1)
        s = self.annotate(llf, [])
        a = self.a
        assert s == annmodel.SomeFloat()

        seen = {}
        ngraphs = len(a.translator.graphs)

        vTs = []
        for call in annotated_calls(a):
            if derived(call, "ll_"):

                func, T = [x.value for x in call.args[0:2]]
                if (func, T) in seen:
                    continue
                seen[func, T] = True
                
                desc = a.bookkeeper.getdesc(func)
                g = desc.specialize([a.binding(x) for x in call.args[1:]])

                args = g.getargs()
                rv = g.getreturnvar()
                if func is ll_get:                    
                    vT, vp, vi = args
                    assert a.binding(vT) == a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(T)
                    assert a.binding(vi).knowntype == int
                    assert a.binding(vp).ll_ptrtype.TO == T
                    assert a.binding(rv) == annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(T.OF)
                elif func is ll_make:
                    vT, vn = args
                    assert a.binding(vT) == a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(T)
                    assert a.binding(vn).knowntype == int
                    assert a.binding(rv).ll_ptrtype.TO == T
                else:
                    assert False, func
                vTs.append(vT)

        assert len(seen) == 4

        return a, vTs # reused by a test in test_rtyper

 def lltype_to_annotation(cls, TYPE):
     if isinstance(TYPE, NativeInstance):
         return SomeOOInstance(TYPE)
     elif TYPE is ootype.Char:
         return SomeChar()
     elif TYPE is ootype.String:
         return SomeString()
     else:
         return lltype_to_annotation(TYPE)

 def getprimitiverepr(self, lltype):
     try:
         return self.primitive_to_repr[lltype]
     except KeyError:
         pass
     if isinstance(lltype, Primitive):
         repr = self.primitive_to_repr[lltype] = self.getrepr(annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(lltype))
         return repr
     raise TyperError('There is no primitive repr for %r'%(lltype,))

 def _compile(self, fn, args, ann=None, backendopt=True):
     if ann is None:
         ann = [lltype_to_annotation(typeOf(x)) for x in args]
     if self._func is fn and self._ann == ann:
         return self._cli_func
     else:
         self._cli_func = compile_function(fn, ann, backendopt=backendopt)
         self._func = fn
         self._ann = ann
         return self._cli_func

 def _compile(self, fn, args, ann=None):
     if ann is None:
         ann = [lltype_to_annotation(typeOf(x)) for x in args]
     if self._func is fn and self._ann == ann:
         return self._llvm_func
     else:
         self._llvm_func = compile_function(fn, ann)
         self._func = fn
         self._ann = ann
         return self._llvm_func

 def compute_result_annotation(self, s_RESTYPE, s_pythonfunction, *args_s):
     from pypy.annotation import model as annmodel
     from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem import lltype
     assert s_RESTYPE.is_constant()
     assert s_pythonfunction.is_constant()
     s_result = s_RESTYPE.const
     if isinstance(s_result, lltype.LowLevelType):
         s_result = annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(s_result)
     assert isinstance(s_result, annmodel.SomeObject)
     return s_result

 def rtype_simple_call(self, hop):
     hop2 = hop.copy()
     func = self.func
     s_func = hop.rtyper.annotator.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(func)
     v_ptr = hop2.args_v[0]
     hop2.r_s_popfirstarg()
     hop2.v_s_insertfirstarg(
         v_ptr, annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(self.ll_ptrtype))
     hop2.v_s_insertfirstarg(flowmodel.Constant(func), s_func)
     return hop2.dispatch()

 def annotate_helper(self, ll_helper, ll_args, ll_result, inline=False):
     assert not self.finished_helpers
     args_s = map(annmodel.lltype_to_annotation, ll_args)
     s_result = annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(ll_result)
     graph = self.mixlevelannotator.getgraph(ll_helper, args_s, s_result)
     # the produced graphs does not need to be fully transformed
     self.need_minimal_transform(graph)
     if inline:
         self.graphs_to_inline[graph] = True
     FUNCTYPE = lltype.FuncType(ll_args, ll_result)
     return self.mixlevelannotator.graph2delayed(graph, FUNCTYPE=FUNCTYPE)

def convert_scalar_to_array(r_item, v_item, llops):
    # x -> array([x])
    s_item = lltype_to_annotation(r_item.lowleveltype)
    s_array = aarray.build_annotation_from_scalar(s_item)
    r_array = llops.rtyper.getrepr(s_array)
    from pypy.rpython.rmodel import inputconst
    cARRAY = inputconst(Void, r_array.ARRAY.TO)
    cITEM = inputconst(Void, r_array.ITEM)
    v_casted = llops.genop("cast_primitive", [v_item], r_array.ITEM)
    v_array = llops.gendirectcall(ll_build_from_scalar, cARRAY, v_casted)
    return r_array, v_array

 def _compile(self, fn, args, ann=None):
     if ann is None:
         ann = [lltype_to_annotation(typeOf(x)) for x in args]
     if self._func is fn and self._ann == ann:
         return JvmGeneratedSourceWrapper(self._jvm_src)
     else:
         self._func = fn
         self._ann = ann
         self._jvm_src = generate_source_for_function(fn, ann)
         if not getoption('noasm'):
             self._jvm_src.compile()
         return JvmGeneratedSourceWrapper(self._jvm_src)

 def _compile(self, fn, args, ann=None, backendopt=True, auto_raise_exc=False, exctrans=False):
     if ann is None:
         ann = [lltype_to_annotation(typeOf(x)) for x in args]
     if self._func is fn and self._ann == ann:
         return self._cli_func
     else:
         self._cli_func = compile_function(fn, ann, backendopt=backendopt,
                                           auto_raise_exc=auto_raise_exc,
                                           exctrans=exctrans)
         self._func = fn
         self._ann = ann
         return self._cli_func