def test_convert_subarray(self):
        A = lltype.GcArray(lltype.Signed)
        a = lltype.malloc(A, 20)
        inside = lltype.direct_ptradd(lltype.direct_arrayitems(a), 3)
 
        lltype2ctypes(inside)

        start = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, lltype.direct_arrayitems(a))
        inside_int = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, inside)

        assert inside_int == start+rffi.sizeof(lltype.Signed)*3

def ll_build_from_size(ARRAY, size, _malloc):
    array = ARRAY.ll_allocate(1)
    array.shape[0] = size
    array.strides[0] = 1
    array.data = _malloc(ARRAY.data.TO, size)
    array.dataptr = direct_arrayitems(array.data)
    return array

 def get_address_of_gcref(self, gcref):
     assert lltype.typeOf(gcref) == llmemory.GCREF
     # first look in the hashtable, using an inexact hash (fails after
     # the object moves)
     addr = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(gcref)
     hash = llmemory.cast_adr_to_int(addr)
     hash -= hash >> self.HASHTABLE_BITS
     hash &= self.HASHTABLE_SIZE - 1
     addr_ref = self.hashtable[hash]
     # the following test is safe anyway, because the addresses found
     # in the hashtable are always the addresses of nonmovable stuff
     # ('addr_ref' is an address inside self.list, not directly the
     # address of a real moving GC object -- that's 'addr_ref.address[0]'.)
     if addr_ref.address[0] == addr:
         return addr_ref
     # if it fails, add an entry to the list
     if self.nextindex == len(self.list):
         # reallocate first, increasing a bit the size every time
         self.oldlists.append(self.list)
         self.list = self.alloc_gcref_list(len(self.list) // 4 * 5)
         self.nextindex = 0
     # add it
     index = self.nextindex
     self.list[index] = gcref
     addr_ref = lltype.direct_ptradd(lltype.direct_arrayitems(self.list),
                                     index)
     addr_ref = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(addr_ref)
     self.nextindex = index + 1
     # record it in the hashtable
     self.hashtable[hash] = addr_ref
     return addr_ref

 def walk_roots(self, collect_stack_root,
                collect_static_in_prebuilt_nongc,
                collect_static_in_prebuilt_gc):
     gc = self.tester.gc
     layoutbuilder = self.tester.layoutbuilder
     if collect_static_in_prebuilt_gc:
         for addrofaddr in layoutbuilder.addresses_of_static_ptrs:
             if addrofaddr.address[0]:
                 collect_static_in_prebuilt_gc(gc, addrofaddr)
     if collect_static_in_prebuilt_nongc:
         for addrofaddr in layoutbuilder.addresses_of_static_ptrs_in_nongc:
             if addrofaddr.address[0]:
                 collect_static_in_prebuilt_nongc(gc, addrofaddr)
     if collect_stack_root:
         stackroots = self.tester.stackroots
         a = lltype.malloc(ADDR_ARRAY, len(stackroots), flavor='raw')
         for i in range(len(a)):
             a[i] = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(stackroots[i])
         a_base = lltype.direct_arrayitems(a)
         for i in range(len(a)):
             ai = lltype.direct_ptradd(a_base, i)
             collect_stack_root(gc, llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(ai))
         for i in range(len(a)):
             PTRTYPE = lltype.typeOf(stackroots[i])
             stackroots[i] = llmemory.cast_adr_to_ptr(a[i], PTRTYPE)
         lltype.free(a, flavor='raw')

def ll_build_from_scalar(ARRAY, value):
    array = ARRAY.ll_allocate(1)
    array.shape[0] = 1
    array.strides[0] = 1
    array.data = malloc(ARRAY.data.TO, 1)
    array.dataptr = direct_arrayitems(array.data)
    array.data[0] = value
    return array

 def ref(self, arrayptr):
     assert array_type_match(lltype.typeOf(arrayptr).TO, self.TYPE)
     if isinstance(self.TYPE.OF, lltype.ContainerType):
         # XXX this doesn't support empty arrays
         o = arrayptr._obj.getitem(0)
         return o._as_ptr()
     else:
         return lltype.direct_arrayitems(arrayptr)

def ll_chararrayvalue(box):
    from pypy.rpython.rctypes import rchar_p
    p = box.c_data
    length = rchar_p.ll_strnlen(lltype.direct_arrayitems(p), len(p))
    newstr = lltype.malloc(string_repr.lowleveltype.TO, length)
    newstr.hash = 0
    for i in range(length):
        newstr.chars[i] = p[i]
    return newstr

def writeall_not_sandboxed(fd, buf, length):
    while length > 0:
        size = rffi.cast(rffi.SIZE_T, length)
        count = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, ll_write_not_sandboxed(fd, buf, size))
        if count <= 0:
            raise IOError
        length -= count
        buf = lltype.direct_ptradd(lltype.direct_arrayitems(buf), count)
        buf = rffi.cast(rffi.CCHARP, buf)

def ll_build_alias_to_list(ARRAY, lst):
    # This should only be used for temporary calculations
    size = lst.ll_length()
    array = ARRAY.ll_allocate(1)
    array.shape[0] = size
    array.strides[0] = 1
    # Well.. this doesn't work (because array.data has nolength ?)
    array.data = lst.ll_items()
    array.dataptr = direct_arrayitems(array.data)
    return array

 def ll_build_from_shape(ARRAY, shape):
     array = ll_allocate(ARRAY, ndim)
     itemsize = 1
     for i in unrolling_dims:
         attr = 'item%d'%i
         size = getattr(shape, attr)
         array.shape[i] = size
         array.strides[i] = itemsize
         itemsize *= size
     array.data = malloc(ARRAY.data.TO, itemsize, zero=zero)
     array.dataptr = direct_arrayitems(array.data)
     return array

def ll_build_from_list(ARRAY, lst):
    size = lst.ll_length()
    array = ARRAY.ll_allocate(1)
    array.shape[0] = size
    array.strides[0] = 1
    array.data = malloc(ARRAY.data.TO, size)
    i = 0
    while i < size:
        array.data[i] = lst.ll_getitem_fast(i)
        i += 1
    array.dataptr = direct_arrayitems(array.data)
    return array

 def pop(self):
     while self.static_current != gcdata.static_root_end:
         result = self.static_current
         self.static_current += sizeofaddr
         if result.address[0].address[0] != llmemory.NULL:
             return result.address[0]
     i = self.static_roots_index
     if i > 0:
         i -= 1
         self.static_roots_index = i
         p = lltype.direct_arrayitems(gcdata.static_roots)
         p = lltype.direct_ptradd(p, i)
         return llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(p)
     return llmemory.NULL

def ll_build_like(ARRAY, array0):
    ndim = array0.ndim
    array = ARRAY.ll_allocate(ndim)
    sz = ll_mul_list(array0.shape, array0.ndim)
    array.data = malloc(ARRAY.data.TO, sz)
    array.dataptr = direct_arrayitems(array.data)
    itemsize = 1
    i = ndim - 1
    while i >= 0:
        size = array0.shape[i]
        array.shape[i] = size
        array.strides[i] = itemsize
        itemsize *= size
        i -= 1
    return array

 def initialize(self):
     if we_are_translated(): n = 2000
     else:                   n = 10    # tests only
     self.list = self.alloc_gcref_list(n)
     self.nextindex = 0
     self.oldlists = []
     # A pseudo dictionary: it is fixed size, and it may contain
     # random nonsense after a collection moved the objects.  It is only
     # used to avoid too many duplications in the GCREF_LISTs.
     self.hashtable = lltype.malloc(self.HASHTABLE,
                                    self.HASHTABLE_SIZE+1,
                                    flavor='raw')
     dummy = lltype.direct_ptradd(lltype.direct_arrayitems(self.hashtable),
                                  self.HASHTABLE_SIZE)
     dummy = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(dummy)
     for i in range(self.HASHTABLE_SIZE+1):
         self.hashtable[i] = dummy

 def ll_get_view(ARRAY, ao, tpl):
     array = ARRAY.ll_allocate(ndim)
     dataptr = direct_arrayitems(ao.data)
     src_i = 0
     tgt_i = 0
     for src_i, r_key in unroll_r_tuple:
         if isinstance(r_key, IntegerRepr):
             dataptr = direct_ptradd(dataptr, getattr(tpl, 'item%d'%src_i)*ao.strides[src_i])
         elif r_key == rslice.startonly_slice_repr:
             start = getattr(tpl, 'item%d'%src_i)
             size = ao.shape[src_i]
             if start > size:
                 start = size
             size -= start
             dataptr = direct_ptradd(dataptr, start*ao.strides[src_i])
             array.shape[tgt_i] = size
             array.strides[tgt_i] = ao.strides[src_i]
             tgt_i += 1
         elif r_key == rslice.startstop_slice_repr:
             start = getattr(tpl, 'item%d'%src_i).start
             stop = getattr(tpl, 'item%d'%src_i).stop
             size = ao.shape[src_i]
             if start > size:
                 start = size
             dataptr = direct_ptradd(dataptr, start*ao.strides[src_i])
             if stop < size:
                 size = stop
             size -= start
             if size < 0:
                 size = 0
             array.shape[tgt_i] = size
             array.strides[tgt_i] = ao.strides[src_i]
             tgt_i += 1
         else:
             assert 0
     src_i += 1
     # consume the rest of ndim as if we found more slices
     while tgt_i < ndim:
         array.shape[tgt_i] = ao.shape[src_i]
         array.strides[tgt_i] = ao.strides[src_i]
         tgt_i += 1
         src_i += 1
     ll_assert(tgt_i == ndim, "tgt_i == ndim")
     array.dataptr = dataptr
     array.data = ao.data # keep a ref
     return array

def ll_build_like2(ARRAY, array0, array1):
    # Build with shape from the largest of array0 or array1.
    # Note we cannot take the union of array0 and array1.
    ndim = max(array0.ndim, array1.ndim)
    array = ARRAY.ll_allocate(ndim)
    sz0 = ll_mul_list(array0.shape, array0.ndim)
    sz1 = ll_mul_list(array1.shape, array1.ndim)
    sz = max(sz0, sz1)
    array.data = malloc(ARRAY.data.TO, sz)
    array.dataptr = direct_arrayitems(array.data)
    itemsize = 1
    i = ndim - 1
    while i >= 0:
        if sz0>sz1:
            size = array0.shape[i]
        else:
            size = array1.shape[i]
        array.shape[i] = size
        array.strides[i] = itemsize
        itemsize *= size
        i -= 1
    return array

 def get_addr_for_num(self, i):
     return rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, lltype.direct_ptradd(
         lltype.direct_arrayitems(self.ar), i))

def ll_string2addr(s):
    if s:
        ptr = lltype.direct_arrayitems(s.chars)
        return llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(ptr)
    else:
        return llmemory.NULL

 def str2subarray(string):
     llstring = string_repr.convert_const(string)
     keepalive.append(llstring)
     return lltype.direct_arrayitems(llstring.chars)

 def ref(self, arrayptr):
     assert lltype.typeOf(arrayptr).TO == self.TYPE
     if isinstance(self.TYPE.OF, lltype.ContainerType):
         return arrayptr[0]
     else:
         return lltype.direct_arrayitems(arrayptr)