def read(cls, url):
     try:
         r = urllib.urlopen(url)
     except IOError:
         logger.log(traceback.format_exc())
         raise DownloadError('Failed to fetch.')
     return r.read()

def install_pythonz():
    PythonzInstaller.install(INSTALLER_ROOT)
    # for bash
    shrc = yourshrc = "bashrc"
    logger.log("""
Well-done! Congratulations!

The pythonz is installed as:

  %(ROOT)s

Please add the following line to the end of your ~/.%(yourshrc)s

  [[ -s %(PATH_ETC)s/%(shrc)s ]] && source %(PATH_ETC)s/%(shrc)s

After that, exit this shell, start a new one, and install some fresh
pythons:

  pythonz install 2.7.2
  pythonz install 3.2

For further instructions, run:

  pythonz help

The default help messages will popup and tell you what to do!

Enjoy pythonz at %(ROOT)s!!
""" % {'ROOT': ROOT, 'yourshrc': yourshrc, 'shrc': shrc, 'PATH_ETC': PATH_ETC.replace(os.getenv('HOME'), '$HOME')})

 def read(self, url):
     try:
         r = urllib.urlopen(url)
     except IOError:
         logger.log(traceback.format_exc())
         raise CurlFetchException('Failed to fetch.')
     return r.read()

 def fetch(cls, url, filename):
     b = ProgressBar()
     try:
         urllib.urlretrieve(url, filename, b.reporthook)
         sys.stdout.write('\n')
     except IOError:
         sys.stdout.write('\n')
         logger.log(traceback.format_exc())
         raise DownloadError('Failed to fetch.')

 def readheader(self, url):
     try:
         req = HEADRequest(url)
         res = urllib2.urlopen(req)
     except IOError:
         logger.log(traceback.format_exc())
         raise CurlFetchException('Failed to fetch.')
     if res.code != 200:
         raise CurlFetchException('Failed to fetch.')
     return res.info()

 def configure(self):
     s = Subprocess(log=self.logfile, cwd=self.build_dir, verbose=self.options.verbose)
     cmd = "./configure --prefix=%s %s %s" % (
         self.install_dir,
         self.options.configure,
         " ".join(self.configure_options),
     )
     if self.options.verbose:
         logger.log(cmd)
     s.check_call(cmd)

 def read_head_info(cls, url):
     try:
         req = HEADRequest(url)
         res = urllib2.urlopen(req)
     except IOError:
         logger.log(traceback.format_exc())
         raise DownloadError('Failed to fetch.')
     if res.code != 200:
         raise DownloadError('Failed to fetch.')
     return res.info()

    def run_command(self, options, args):
        if not args or len(args) > 1:
            self.parser.print_help()
            return

        pkg = Package(args[0], options.type)
        pkgname = pkg.name
        if not is_installed(pkg):
            logger.error("`%s` is not installed." % pkgname)
            return
        logger.log(os.path.join(PATH_PYTHONS, pkgname, 'bin', 'python'))

 def shell(self, cmd):
     if self._debug:
         logger.log(cmd)
     if is_sequence(cmd):
         cmd = ''.join(cmd)
     if self._log:
         if self._verbose:
             cmd = "(%s) 2>&1 | tee '%s'" % (cmd, self._log)
         else:
             cmd = "(%s) >> '%s' 2>&1" % (cmd, self._log)
     returncode = subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True, cwd=self._cwd)
     if returncode:
         raise ShellCommandException('%s: failed to `%s`' % (returncode, cmd))

 def _update_config(self, options, args):
     # config.cfg update
     # TODO: Automatically create for config.cfg
     download_url = PYTHONZ_UPDATE_URL_CONFIG
     if not download_url:
         logger.error("Invalid download url in config.cfg. `%s`" % download_url)
         sys.exit(1)
     distname = Link(PYTHONZ_UPDATE_URL_CONFIG).filename
     download_file = PATH_ETC_CONFIG
     logger.info("Downloading %s as %s" % (distname, download_file))
     try:
         Downloader.fetch(download_url, download_file)
     except DownloadError:
         logger.error("Failed to download. `%s`" % download_url)
         sys.exit(1)
     logger.log("The config.cfg has been updated.")

    def run_command(self, options, args):
        if not args or len(args) > 1:
            self.parser.print_help()
            sys.exit(1)

        pkg = Package(args[0], options.type)
        pkgname = pkg.name
        if not is_installed(pkg):
            logger.error("`%s` is not installed." % pkgname)
            sys.exit(1)
        for bin in ('python3', 'python', 'pypy3', 'pypy'):
            path = os.path.join(PATH_PYTHONS, pkgname, 'bin', bin)
            if os.path.exists(path):
                break
        else:
            # fallback
            path = os.path.join(PATH_PYTHONS, pkgname, 'bin', 'python')
        logger.log(path)

 def installed(self, path):
     logger.log("# Installed Python versions")
     for d in sorted(os.listdir(PATH_PYTHONS)):
         if path:
             logger.log('  %-16s %s/%s' % (d, PATH_PYTHONS, d))
         else:
             logger.log('  %s' % d)

 def all(self):
     logger.log('# Available Python versions')
     for type, versions in PYTHON_VERSIONS_URLS.iteritems():
         if versions:
             logger.log('  # %s:' % type)
             for version in (version for version in sorted(versions.keys())):
                 logger.log('     %s' % version)

 def call(self, cmd):
     if is_str(cmd):
         cmd = shlex.split(cmd)
     if self._debug:
         logger.log(cmd)
     
     fp = ((self._log and open(self._log, 'a')) or None)
     p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, cwd=self._cwd)
     while p.returncode is None:
         while any(select.select([p.stdout], [], [])):
             line = to_str(p.stdout.readline())
             if not line:
                 break
             if self._verbose:
                 logger.log(line.strip())
             if fp:
                 fp.write(line)
                 fp.flush()
         p.poll()
     if fp:
         fp.close()
     return p.returncode

 def installed(self):
     logger.log("# Installed Python versions")
     cur = get_using_python_pkgname()
     for d in sorted(os.listdir(PATH_PYTHONS)):
         if cur and cur == d:
             logger.log('  %s (*)' % d)
         else:
             logger.log('  %s' % d)

    def all(self, py_type):
        logger.log('# Available Python versions')
        py_types = [py_type] if py_type else PY_TYPES

        for type_ in py_types:
            logger.log('  # %s:' % type_)
            for version in sorted(PY_INSTALLERS[type_].supported_versions):
                logger.log('     %s' % version)

 def run_command(self, options, args):
     if args:
         command = args[0]
         if command not in command_map:
             self.parser.error("Unknown command: `%s`" % command)
             return
         command = command_map[command]
         command.parser.print_help()
         return
     self.parser.print_help()
     logger.log("\nCommands available:")
     commands = [command_map[key] for key in sorted(command_map.keys())]
     for command in commands:
         logger.log("  %s: %s" % (command.name, command.summary))
     logger.log("\nFurther Instructions:")
     logger.log("  https://github.com/saghul/pythonz")

def systemwide_pythonz():
    PythonzInstaller.install(INSTALLER_ROOT)
    PythonzInstaller.systemwide_install()
    logger.log("""
Well-done! Congratulations!

The pythonz is installed as:

  %(ROOT)s

After that, exit this shell, start a new one, and install some fresh
pythons:

  pythonz install 2.7.2
  pythonz install 3.2

For further instructions, run:

  pythonz help

The default help messages will popup and tell you what to do!

Enjoy pythonz at %(ROOT)s!!
""" % {'ROOT':ROOT})

    def all(self, py_type):
        logger.log('# Available Python versions')
        groups = zip(PY_TYPES,
                     [CPythonInstaller, StacklessInstaller, PyPyInstaller,
                      PyPy3Installer, JythonInstaller])

        if py_type:
            groups = filter(lambda (impl, _): impl in py_type, groups)

        for type_, installer in groups:
            logger.log('  # %s:' % type_)
            for version in sorted(installer.supported_versions):
                logger.log('     %s' % version)

 def installed(self):
     logger.log("# Installed Python versions")
     for d in sorted(os.listdir(PATH_PYTHONS)):
         logger.log('  %s' % d)