def build_widgets(self):
     "Build the various widgets that will be used in the program."
     # Create processing frame widgets.
     self.processing_frame = LabelFrame(self, text='Processing Mode:')
     self.mode_var = StringVar(self, 'encode')
     self.decode_button = Radiobutton(self.processing_frame,
                                      text='Decode Cipher-Text',
                                      command=self.handle_radiobuttons,
                                      value='decode',
                                      variable=self.mode_var)
     self.encode_button = Radiobutton(self.processing_frame,
                                      text='Encode Plain-Text',
                                      command=self.handle_radiobuttons,
                                      value='encode',
                                      variable=self.mode_var)
     self.freeze_var = BooleanVar(self, False)
     self.freeze_button = Checkbutton(self.processing_frame,
                                      text='Freeze Key & Primer',
                                      command=self.handle_checkbutton,
                                      offvalue=False,
                                      onvalue=True,
                                      variable=self.freeze_var)
     # Create encoding frame widgets.
     self.encoding_frame = LabelFrame(self, text='Encoding Options:')
     self.chain_size_label = Label(self.encoding_frame, text='Chain Size:')
     self.chain_size_entry = Entry(self.encoding_frame)
     self.plain_text_label = Label(self.encoding_frame, text='Plain-Text:')
     self.plain_text_entry = Entry(self.encoding_frame)
     # Create input frame widgets.
     self.input_frame = LabelFrame(self, text='Input Area:')
     self.input_text = ScrolledText(self.input_frame, **self.TEXT)
     # Create output frame widgets.
     self.output_frame = LabelFrame(self, text='Output Area:')
     self.output_text = ScrolledText(self.output_frame, **self.TEXT)

    def _addNeueMahlzeitFrame(self):
        self.fr_neue_mz = Frame(self.fr_mahlzeit)
        self.fr_neue_mz.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight=1)
        self.fr_neue_mz.grid(row=0, column=1, sticky="WSNE")
        
        lbl_name = Label(self.fr_neue_mz, text="Name:")
        lbl_name.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="NW")
        
        self.en_name = Entry(self.fr_neue_mz)
        self.en_name.grid(row=0, column=1, columnspan=2, sticky="WNE")
        
        lbl_zutat = Label(self.fr_neue_mz, text="Zutaten:")
        lbl_zutat.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky="NW")
        

        self.lb_zutat = Listbox(self.fr_neue_mz)
        sb_zutat = Scrollbar(self.lb_zutat, orient=VERTICAL)
        self.lb_zutat.configure(yscrollcommand=sb_zutat.set)
        sb_zutat.configure(command=self.lb_zutat.yview)
        sb_zutat.pack(side="right", fill="both")
        self.lb_zutat.grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=3, sticky="NWSE")
        
        self.var_zutat = StringVar(self.fr_neue_mz)
        
        self.opt_zutat = OptionMenu(self.fr_neue_mz, self.var_zutat, "Auswahl")
        self.opt_zutat.grid(row=3, column=0)
        
        self.en_menge = Entry(self.fr_neue_mz)
        self.en_menge.grid(row=3, column=1)
        
        self.btn_mahlzeit_hinzu = Button(self.fr_neue_mz, text="Hinzu")
        self.btn_mahlzeit_hinzu.grid(row=3, column=2, sticky="E")

    def initUI(self):
        self.parent.title("Pi computation")
        self.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=True)

        self.grid_columnconfigure(4, weight=1)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(3, weight=1)

        lbl1 = Label(self, text="Digits:")
        lbl1.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky=E, padx=10, pady=10)

        self.ent1 = Entry(self, width=10)
        self.ent1.insert(END, "4000")
        self.ent1.grid(row=0, column=1, sticky=W)

        lbl2 = Label(self, text="Accuracy:")
        lbl2.grid(row=0, column=2, sticky=E, padx=10, pady=10)

        self.ent2 = Entry(self, width=10)
        self.ent2.insert(END, "100")
        self.ent2.grid(row=0, column=3, sticky=W)

        self.startBtn = Button(self, text="Start",
                               command=self.onStart)
        self.startBtn.grid(row=1, column=0, padx=10, pady=5, sticky=W)

        self.pbar = Progressbar(self, mode='indeterminate')
        self.pbar.grid(row=1, column=1, columnspan=3, sticky=W+E)

        self.txt = scrolledtext.ScrolledText(self)
        self.txt.grid(row=2, column=0, rowspan=4, padx=10, pady=5,
                      columnspan=5, sticky=E+W+S+N)

    def add_file_info_box(self, mainframe, name, labeldict, btncallback, fvar):
        """
        Create and add a infobox containing the info about a loaded
        savegame.
        """
        title = {'source':'Copy face from source file:',
                 'target':'To target file:'}
        frame = LabelFrame(mainframe, text=title[name])
        frame.pack(anchor=N, fill=X, expand=1, side=TOP, padx=0, pady=0)
        frame.columnconfigure(1, weight=1)

        btn = Button(frame, text='Browse', command=btncallback)
        btn.grid(column=0, row=0, padx=2, pady=2)

        field = Entry(frame, width=50, textvariable=fvar)
        field.grid(column=1, row=0, columnspan=2, padx=2, pady=2, sticky=W+E)

        l = ('name','gender','level','race','location','save number','playing time')
        for n, (i, j) in enumerate([(x.capitalize()+':', x) for x in l]):
            Label(frame, text=i, state=DISABLED).grid(column=0, row=n+1, padx=4,
                                                      pady=3, sticky=E)
            labeldict[j] = StringVar()
            Label(frame, textvariable=labeldict[j]).grid(column=1, row=n+1,
                                                     padx=4, pady=3, sticky=W)
        self.screenshot[name] = Label(frame)
        self.screenshot[name].grid(column=2, row=1, rowspan=len(l),
                                   padx=4, pady=4)

class DlgDelay(Dialog):
    def body(self, master, cfg={}):
        "place user dialog widgets"
        self.config = cfg
        self.config["OK button"] = False
        self.delay = StringVar()
        self.delay.set(cfg.get("delay", ""))
        self.edelay = Entry(master, width=15, textvariable=self.delay)
        self.edelay.grid(column=1, row=0, sticky="e")
        Label(master, text=_("Delay:")).grid(column=0, row=0, sticky="w")
        self.resizable(width=0, height=0)
        return self.edelay

    def validate(self):
        try:
            flt = float(self.delay.get())
        except ValueError:
            return self.edelay
        if flt < 0 or flt > 5:
            return self.edelay
        return None

    def apply(self):
        "On ok button pressed"
        self.config["delay"] = self.delay.get()
        self.config["OK button"] = True

class Form(Frame):
  
    def __init__(self, parent):
        Frame.__init__(self, parent)   
         
        self.parent = parent

        self.parent.title("Example Form")
        self.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=True)

        f = Frame(self)
        f.pack(fill=X)

        l = Label(f, text='First Name', width=10)
        l.pack(side=LEFT, padx=5, pady=5)
       
        self.firstName = Entry(f)
        self.firstName.pack(fill=X, padx=5, expand=True)
        
        f = Frame(self)
        f.pack(fill=X)
        
        l = Label(f, text='Last Name', width=10)
        l.pack(side=LEFT, padx=5, pady=5)

        self.lastName = Entry(f)
        self.lastName.pack(fill=X, padx=5, expand=True)
        
        f = Frame(self)
        f.pack(fill=X)

        l = Label(f, text='Full Name', width=10)
        l.pack(side=LEFT, padx=5, pady=5)

        self.fullName = Label(f, text='ALEX POOPKIN', width=10)
        self.fullName.pack(fill=X, padx=5, expand=True)

        f = Frame(self)
        f.pack(fill=X)

        l = Label(f, text='', width=10)
        l.pack(side=LEFT, padx=5, pady=0)

        self.errorMessage = Label(f, text='Invalid character int the name!', foreground='red', width=30)
        self.errorMessage.pack(fill=X, padx=5, expand=True)

        f = Frame(self)
        f.pack(fill=X)

        b = Button(f, text='Close', command=lambda : self.parent.quit())
        b.pack(side=RIGHT, padx=5, pady=10)
        b['default'] = ACTIVE
        b.focus_set()

        self.clearButton = Button(f, text='Clear')
        self.clearButton.pack(side=RIGHT, padx=5, pady=10)
        self.clearButton['state'] = DISABLED

        self.sendButton = Button(f, text='Send')
        self.sendButton.pack(side=RIGHT, padx=5, pady=10)

 def insert_entry_field(self, txt):
     frame = Frame(self.frame)
     frame.pack(fill="x")
     label = Label(frame, text=txt, width=6)
     label.pack(side="left", anchor="n", padx=5, pady=5)
     entry = Entry(frame)
     entry.pack(fill="x", padx=5, pady=5, expand=True)
     self.entries["Entry"][txt] = entry

    def initUI(self):

        self.parent.title("Book Manager")
        self.style = Style()
        self.style.theme_use("default")
        self.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)

        self.columnconfigure(0, pad=3)
        self.columnconfigure(1, pad=3)
        self.columnconfigure(2, pad=3)
        self.rowconfigure(0, pad=3)
        self.rowconfigure(1, pad=3)
        self.rowconfigure(2, pad=3)
        self.rowconfigure(3, pad=3)
        self.rowconfigure(4, pad=3)
        self.rowconfigure(5, pad=3)
        self.rowconfigure(6, pad=3)


        self.input_bname=''
        self.input_aname=''
        self.input_price=0
        self.delete=''

        lb_bookname = Label(self, text="bookname:")
        lb_bookname.grid(row=0, column =0 ,sticky=W, pady=4, padx=5)

        self.entry_bookname = Entry(self)
        self.entry_bookname.grid(row=0, column = 1 )

        lb_author = Label(self, text="author:")
        lb_author.grid(row=0, column =2,sticky=W, pady=4, padx=5)

        self.entry_author = Entry(self)
        self.entry_author.grid(row=0, column = 3 )


        lb_price = Label(self, text="price:")
        lb_price.grid(row=0, column =4 ,sticky=W, pady=4, padx=5)

        self.entry_price = Entry(self)
        self.entry_price.grid(row=0, column = 5 ,padx=15)


        abtn = Button(self, text="Add", command=lambda:self.clicked_add())
        abtn.grid(row=0, column=6)

        sbtn = Button(self, text="Serach", command = lambda:self.clicked_search())
        sbtn.grid(row=1, column=6, pady=4)

        dbtn = Button(self, text="Delete", command = lambda:self.clicked_delete())
        dbtn.grid(row=2, column=6, pady=4)

        self.lb = Listbox(self)

        self.lb.grid(row=3,column = 0, columnspan = 6,rowspan= 4, sticky = E+W+S+N)
        self.lb.bind("<<ListboxSelect>>", self.onSelect)

 def apagar_caracter_invalido(evento_char, ref_entry: ttk.Entry, caracteres_inválidos: str):
     """ Método estático para apagar os caracteres inseridos em um Entry no momento da digitação(evento Release).
     Pode ser usado sem instanciação.
     :param evento_char: event.char do evento.
     :param ref_entry: Referência do componente Entry.
     :param caracteres_inválidos: string de caracteres que deseja-se que sejam apagados.
     :return: none. """
     if evento_char in caracteres_inválidos:
         ref_entry.delete(len(ref_entry.get()) - 1, 'end')

class Main(Frame):
    """Main class for our browser.
        Note that we inherit from Frame, making this a Frame object.
    """
    def __init__(self, master):
        Frame.__init__(self, master)
        self.master = master
        self.master.title("Browser")
        self.header = {"User-Agent":"Tkinter Browser 0.1"}

        # Here we make our widgets.
        self.top_frame = Frame(self)
        self.url_frame = Frame(self.top_frame)
        self.url_label = Label(self.url_frame, text="Url: ", anchor="n")
        self.url_entry = Entry(self.url_frame, width=80)
        self.url_button = Button(self.url_frame, text="Go", command=self.go_button)
        self.bottom_frame = Frame(self)
        self.text_field = Text(self.bottom_frame)

        #Here we pack our widgets.
        self.top_frame.pack(side="top", padx=15, pady=15)
        self.url_frame.pack(anchor="center")
        self.bottom_frame.pack(side="bottom", fill="both", expand=True)
        self.text_field.pack(side="bottom", fill="both", expand=True)
        self.url_label.pack(side="left")
        self.url_entry.pack(side="left", fill="x", expand=True)
        self.url_button.pack(side="left", padx=5)
        self.text_field.config(state="disabled", padx=5, pady=5)

    def go_button(self):
        url = self.url_entry.get()
        if url:
            if "http://" not in url:
                url = "http://"+url
            page_text = self.get_page(url)
            self.text_field.config(state="normal")
            self.text_field.delete(1.0, "end")
            self.text_field.insert("end", page_text)
            self.text_field.config(state="disable")

    def get_page(self, url):
        s = requests.Session()
        resp = s.get(url, headers=self.header)
        data = resp.text
        soup = bs(data, "html.parser")
        page_text = soup.find_all(text=True)
        page_text = filter(self.visible, page_text)
        return "".join([str(i)+'\n' for i in page_text])


    def visible(self, e):
        if e.parent.name in ('style', 'script', '[document]', 'head', 'title'):
            return False
        elif re.match('<!--.*-->', str(e.encode('utf-8'))):
            return False
        return True

 def body(self, master, cfg={}):
     "place user dialog widgets"
     self.config = cfg
     self.config["OK button"] = False
     self.site = StringVar()
     self.site.set(cfg.get("site", ""))
     self.login = StringVar()
     self.login.set(cfg.get("user", ""))
     self.password = StringVar()
     self.password.set(str(cfg.get("password", "")))
     site = Entry(master, width=15, textvariable=self.site)
     site.grid(column=1, row=0, sticky="e")
     Label(master, text=_("Site:")).grid(column=0, row=0, sticky="w")
     loge = Entry(master, width=15, textvariable=self.login)
     loge.grid(column=1, row=1, sticky="e")
     Label(master, text=_("Username:")).grid(column=0, row=1, sticky="w")
     pase = Entry(master, width=15, textvariable=self.password, show="*")
     pase.grid(column=1, row=2, sticky="e")
     Label(master, text=_("Password:")).grid(column=0, row=2, sticky="w")
     self.to_remember = IntVar()
     self.to_remember.set(cfg.get("remember_passwd", 1))
     chk1 = Checkbutton(master, text="Remember",
                        variable=self.to_remember)
     chk1.grid(column=0, row=3, sticky="w", columnspan=2)
     self.resizable(width=0, height=0)
     return loge

    def make_entry(self, label_text, var):
        '''Return (entry, label), .

        entry - gridded labeled Entry for text entry.
        label - Label widget, returned for testing.
        '''
        label = Label(self.top, text=label_text)
        label.grid(row=self.row, column=0, sticky="nw")
        entry = Entry(self.top, textvariable=var, exportselection=0)
        entry.grid(row=self.row, column=1, sticky="nwe")
        self.row = self.row + 1
        return entry, label

 def initialize_ui(self):
   default_padding = {'padx': 10, 'pady' : 10}
   
   labels = ["Name", "Surname", "Email",  "Cellphone"]
   for label in labels:
     frame = Frame(self)
     Label(frame, text = label, style="BW.TLabel").pack(default_padding, side = LEFT)
     entry = Entry(frame)
     entry.pack(default_padding, side = RIGHT)
     self.entries.append(entry)
     frame.pack(expand = True, fill = "x", side = TOP)
     
   button_frame = Frame(self)
   Button(button_frame, text = "Create Customer", command =  self.save_customer).pack(default_padding)
   button_frame.pack(expand = True, fill = "x")

    def create_widgets(self):  # Call from override, if any.
        # Bind to self widgets needed for entry_ok or unittest.
        self.frame = frame = Frame(self, padding=10)
        frame.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky='news')
        frame.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)

        entrylabel = Label(frame, anchor='w', justify='left',
                           text=self.message)
        self.entryvar = StringVar(self, self.text0)
        self.entry = Entry(frame, width=30, textvariable=self.entryvar)
        self.entry.focus_set()
        self.error_font = Font(name='TkCaptionFont',
                               exists=True, root=self.parent)
        self.entry_error = Label(frame, text=' ', foreground='red',
                                 font=self.error_font)
        self.button_ok = Button(
                frame, text='OK', default='active', command=self.ok)
        self.button_cancel = Button(
                frame, text='Cancel', command=self.cancel)

        entrylabel.grid(column=0, row=0, columnspan=3, padx=5, sticky=W)
        self.entry.grid(column=0, row=1, columnspan=3, padx=5, sticky=W+E,
                        pady=[10,0])
        self.entry_error.grid(column=0, row=2, columnspan=3, padx=5,
                              sticky=W+E)
        self.button_ok.grid(column=1, row=99, padx=5)
        self.button_cancel.grid(column=2, row=99, padx=5)

    def body( self, master ):
        """
        Override the empty ModalDialog.body function
            to set up the dialog how we want it.
        """
        from tkinter.ttk import Label, Entry

        Label( master, text="First:" ).grid( row=0 )
        Label( master, text="Second:" ).grid( row=1 )

        self.e1 = Entry( master )
        self.e2 = Entry( master )

        self.e1.grid( row=0, column=1 )
        self.e2.grid( row=1, column=1 )
        return self.e1 # initial focus

    def __init__(self, url):
        self.url = url

        self.root = Tk()
        self.root.title("验证码")

        while True:
            try:
                image_bytes = urlopen(self.url).read()
                break
            except socket.timeout:
                print('获取验证码超时：%s\r\n重新获取.' % (self.url))
                continue
            except urllib.error.URLError as e:
                if isinstance(e.reason, socket.timeout):
                    print('获取验证码超时：%s\r\n重新获取.' % (self.url))
                    continue
        # internal data file
        data_stream = io.BytesIO(image_bytes)
        # open as a PIL image object
        self.pil_image = Image.open(data_stream)
        # convert PIL image object to Tkinter PhotoImage object
        self.tk_image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(self.pil_image)
        self.label = Label(self.root, image=self.tk_image, background='brown')
        self.label.pack(padx=5, pady=5)
        self.button = Button(self.root, text="刷新验证码", command=self.refreshImg)
        self.button.pack(padx=5, pady=5)

        randCodeLable = Label(self.root, text="验证码：")
        randCodeLable.pack(padx=5, pady=5)
        self.randCode = Entry(self.root)
        self.randCode.pack(padx=5, pady=5)

        self.loginButton = Button(self.root, text="登录", default=tkinter.ACTIVE)
        self.loginButton.pack(padx=5, pady=5)

  def initUI(self):
    self.master.title("3D Printer - Add Customer")
    self.style = Style()

    default_padding = {'padx': 10, 'pady' : 10}

    #TODO change alignment    
    #Left frame for labels
    self.left_frame = Frame(self.master)
    
    self.name_label = Label(self.left_frame, text = "Name", style="BW.TLabel")
    self.name_label.pack(default_padding)

    self.surname_label = Label(self.left_frame, text = "Surname", style="BW.TLabel")
    self.surname_label.pack(default_padding)    

    self.email_label = Label(self.left_frame, text = "Email", style="BW.TLabel")
    self.email_label.pack(default_padding)

    self.cellphone_label = Label(self.left_frame, text = "Cellphone", style="BW.TLabel")
    self.cellphone_label.pack(default_padding)

    #Right frame for entries
    self.right_frame = Frame(self.master)
    
    self.name_entry = Entry(self.right_frame)
    self.name_entry.pack(default_padding)    

    self.surname_entry = Entry(self.right_frame)
    self.surname_entry.pack(default_padding)

    self.email_entry = Entry(self.right_frame)
    self.email_entry.pack(default_padding)

    self.cellphone_entry = Entry(self.right_frame)
    self.cellphone_entry.pack(default_padding)
    
    #Bottom frame for button
    self.button_frame = Frame(self.master)
    self.create_customer_button = Button(self.button_frame, text = "Create Customer", command = self.save_customer)
    self.create_customer_button.pack(default_padding)

    self.button_frame.pack(side = BOTTOM, fill = "x", expand = True)
    self.left_frame.pack(side = LEFT, expand = True, fill = "y")
    self.right_frame.pack(side = RIGHT, expand = True, fill = "y")

    self.frame.pack()

 def add_entry(self, text):
     entry = Entry(self)
     entry.insert(0, ",".join(text))
     entry.pack(fill="both", expand=True)
     entry.config(state="readonly")
     self.bindings(entry)
     self.entries.append(entry)

    def create_widgets(self):
        super().create_widgets()
        frame = self.frame
        pathlabel = Label(frame, anchor="w", justify="left", text="Help File Path: Enter URL or browse for file")
        self.pathvar = StringVar(self, self.filepath)
        self.path = Entry(frame, textvariable=self.pathvar, width=40)
        browse = Button(frame, text="Browse", width=8, command=self.browse_file)

        pathlabel.pack(anchor="w", padx=5, pady=3)
        self.path.pack(anchor="w", padx=5, pady=3)
        browse.pack(pady=3)

 def body(self, master, cfg={}):
     "place user dialog widgets"
     self.config = cfg
     self.config["OK button"] = False
     self.delay = StringVar()
     self.delay.set(cfg.get("delay", ""))
     self.edelay = Entry(master, width=15, textvariable=self.delay)
     self.edelay.grid(column=1, row=0, sticky="e")
     Label(master, text=_("Delay:")).grid(column=0, row=0, sticky="w")
     self.resizable(width=0, height=0)
     return self.edelay