def run_as(lockfile, group, user):
     """
     Drop the process ID into the lockfile, with exclusive lock, and switch
     the process to the specified group and/or user. Any of the arguments
     may be null, indicating a no-op. Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
     Note if you combine this with zsys_daemonize, run after, not before
     that method, or the lockfile will hold the wrong process ID.
     """
     return utils.lib.zsys_run_as(utils.to_bytes(lockfile), utils.to_bytes(group), utils.to_bytes(user))

    def __init__(self, path, file, op, alias):
        """
        Create new patch
        """
        p = utils.lib.zdir_patch_new(utils.to_bytes(path), file._p, op, utils.to_bytes(alias))
        if p == utils.ffi.NULL:
            raise MemoryError("Could not allocate person")

        # ffi.gc returns a copy of the cdata object which will have the
        # destructor called when the Python object is GC'd:
        # https://cffi.readthedocs.org/en/latest/using.html#ffi-interface
        self._p = utils.ffi.gc(p, libczmq_destructors.zdir_patch_destroy_py)

    def __init__(self, path, parent):
        """
        Create a new directory item that loads in the full tree of the specified
        path, optionally located under some parent path. If parent is "-", then
        loads only the top-level directory, and does not use parent as a path.
        """
        p = utils.lib.zdir_new(utils.to_bytes(path), utils.to_bytes(parent))
        if p == utils.ffi.NULL:
            raise MemoryError("Could not allocate person")

        # ffi.gc returns a copy of the cdata object which will have the
        # destructor called when the Python object is GC'd:
        # https://cffi.readthedocs.org/en/latest/using.html#ffi-interface
        self._p = utils.ffi.gc(p, libczmq_destructors.zdir_destroy_py)

    def __init__(self, servers, username=None, password=None, binary=False,
                 key_prefix='', cache_seconds=DEFAULT_CACHE_SECONDS):

        self.cache = pylibmc.Client(servers=servers, binary=binary,
                                    username=username, password=password)
        self.key_prefix = to_bytes(key_prefix)  # key must be bytes
        self.cache_seconds = cache_seconds

 def insert_route(self, path, data, destroy_data_fn):
     """
     Inserts a new route into the tree and attaches the data. Returns -1
     if the route already exists, otherwise 0. This method takes ownership of
     the provided data if a destroy_data_fn is provided.
     """
     return utils.lib.ztrie_insert_route(self._p, utils.to_bytes(path), data._p, destroy_data_fn)

 def remove_route(self, path):
     """
     Removes a route from the trie and destroys its data. Returns -1 if the
     route does not exists, otherwise 0.
     the start of the list call zlist_first (). Advances the cursor.
     """
     return utils.lib.ztrie_remove_route(self._p, utils.to_bytes(path))

 def meta(self, property):
     """
     Return meta data property for frame
     The caller shall not modify or free the returned value, which shall be
     owned by the message.
     """
     return utils.lib.zframe_meta(self._p, utils.to_bytes(property))

    def __init__(self, path, name):
        """
        If file exists, populates properties. CZMQ supports portable symbolic
        links, which are files with the extension ".ln". A symbolic link is a
        text file containing one line, the filename of a target file. Reading
        data from the symbolic link actually reads from the target file. Path
        may be NULL, in which case it is not used.
        """
        p = utils.lib.zfile_new(utils.to_bytes(path), utils.to_bytes(name))
        if p == utils.ffi.NULL:
            raise MemoryError("Could not allocate person")

        # ffi.gc returns a copy of the cdata object which will have the
        # destructor called when the Python object is GC'd:
        # https://cffi.readthedocs.org/en/latest/using.html#ffi-interface
        self._p = utils.ffi.gc(p, libczmq_destructors.zfile_destroy_py)

 def sprintf(format, ):
     """
     Format a string using printf formatting, returning a freshly allocated
     buffer. If there was insufficient memory, returns NULL. Free the returned
     string using zstr_free().
     """
     return utils.lib.zsys_sprintf(utils.to_bytes(format), )

 def socket_error(reason):
     """
     Handle an I/O error on some socket operation; will report and die on
     fatal errors, and continue silently on "try again" errors.
     *** This is for CZMQ internal use only and may change arbitrarily ***
     """
     utils.lib.zsys_socket_error(utils.to_bytes(reason))

 def vsend(self, picture, argptr):
     """
     Send a 'picture' message to the socket (or actor). This is a va_list
     version of zsock_send (), so please consult its documentation for the
     details.
     """
     return utils.lib.zsock_vsend(self._p, utils.to_bytes(picture), argptr._p)

    def recv(self, picture, ):
        """
        Receive a 'picture' message to the socket (or actor). See zsock_send for
        the format and meaning of the picture. Returns the picture elements into
        a series of pointers as provided by the caller:

            i = int * (stores signed integer)
            4 = uint32_t * (stores 32-bit unsigned integer)
            8 = uint64_t * (stores 64-bit unsigned integer)
            s = char ** (allocates new string)
            b = byte **, size_t * (2 arguments) (allocates memory)
            c = zchunk_t ** (creates zchunk)
            f = zframe_t ** (creates zframe)
            U = zuuid_t * (creates a zuuid with the data)
            h = zhashx_t ** (creates zhashx)
            p = void ** (stores pointer)
            m = zmsg_t ** (creates a zmsg with the remaing frames)
            z = null, asserts empty frame (0 arguments)
            u = uint * (stores unsigned integer, deprecated)

        Note that zsock_recv creates the returned objects, and the caller must
        destroy them when finished with them. The supplied pointers do not need
        to be initialized. Returns 0 if successful, or -1 if it failed to recv
        a message, in which case the pointers are not modified. When message
        frames are truncated (a short message), sets return values to zero/null.
        If an argument pointer is NULL, does not store any value (skips it).
        An 'n' picture matches an empty frame; if the message does not match,
        the method will return -1.
        """
        return utils.lib.zsock_recv(self._p, utils.to_bytes(picture), )

 def update(self, key, item):
     """
     Update item into hash table with specified key and item.
     If key is already present, destroys old item and inserts new one.
     Use free_fn method to ensure deallocator is properly called on item.
     """
     utils.lib.zhash_update(self._p, utils.to_bytes(key), item._p)

    def send(self, picture, ):
        """
        Send a 'picture' message to the socket (or actor). The picture is a
        string that defines the type of each frame. This makes it easy to send
        a complex multiframe message in one call. The picture can contain any
        of these characters, each corresponding to one or two arguments:

            i = int (signed)
            1 = uint8_t
            2 = uint16_t
            4 = uint32_t
            8 = uint64_t
            s = char *
            b = byte *, size_t (2 arguments)
            c = zchunk_t *
            f = zframe_t *
            h = zhashx_t *
            U = zuuid_t *
            p = void * (sends the pointer value, only meaningful over inproc)
            m = zmsg_t * (sends all frames in the zmsg)
            z = sends zero-sized frame (0 arguments)
            u = uint (deprecated)

        Note that s, b, c, and f are encoded the same way and the choice is
        offered as a convenience to the sender, which may or may not already
        have data in a zchunk or zframe. Does not change or take ownership of
        any arguments. Returns 0 if successful, -1 if sending failed for any
        reason.
        """
        return utils.lib.zsock_send(self._p, utils.to_bytes(picture), )

 def insert(self, key, item):
     """
     Insert item into hash table with specified key and item.
     If key is already present returns -1 and leaves existing item unchanged
     Returns 0 on success.
     """
     return utils.lib.zhash_insert(self._p, utils.to_bytes(key), item._p)

 def load(self, filename):
     """
     Load hash table from a text file in name=value format; hash table must
     already exist. Hash values must printable strings; keys may not contain
     '=' character. Returns 0 if OK, else -1 if a file was not readable.
     """
     return utils.lib.zhash_load(self._p, utils.to_bytes(filename))

 def save(self, filename):
     """
     Save hash table to a text file in name=value format. Hash values must be
     printable strings; keys may not contain '=' character. Returns 0 if OK,
     else -1 if a file error occurred.
     """
     return utils.lib.zhash_save(self._p, utils.to_bytes(filename))

 def param_lookupx(self, keys, ):
     """
     Return value of named parameter(s), NULL if no given parameter has
     been specified, or special value for wich zargs_param_empty ()
     returns true.
     """
     return utils.lib.zargs_param_lookupx(self._p, utils.to_bytes(keys), )

 def close(handle, filename, line_nbr):
     """
     Destroy/close a ZMQ socket. You should call this for every socket you
     create using zsys_socket().
     *** This is for CZMQ internal use only and may change arbitrarily ***
     """
     return utils.lib.zsys_close(handle._p, utils.to_bytes(filename), line_nbr)

 def file_mode(filename):
     """
     Return file mode; provides at least support for the POSIX S_ISREG(m)
     and S_ISDIR(m) macros and the S_IRUSR and S_IWUSR bits, on all boxes.
     Returns a mode_t cast to int, or -1 in case of error.
     """
     return utils.lib.zsys_file_mode(utils.to_bytes(filename))