def create_user_backend(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile,
                        email: str=REQ(), password: str=REQ(), full_name_raw: str=REQ("full_name"),
                        short_name: str=REQ()) -> HttpResponse:
    full_name = check_full_name(full_name_raw)
    form = CreateUserForm({'full_name': full_name, 'email': email})
    if not form.is_valid():
        return json_error(_('Bad name or username'))

    # Check that the new user's email address belongs to the admin's realm
    # (Since this is an admin API, we don't require the user to have been
    # invited first.)
    realm = user_profile.realm
    try:
        email_allowed_for_realm(email, user_profile.realm)
    except DomainNotAllowedForRealmError:
        return json_error(_("Email '%(email)s' not allowed in this organization") %
                          {'email': email})
    except DisposableEmailError:
        return json_error(_("Disposable email addresses are not allowed in this organization"))
    except EmailContainsPlusError:
        return json_error(_("Email addresses containing + are not allowed."))

    try:
        get_user_by_delivery_email(email, user_profile.realm)
        return json_error(_("Email '%s' already in use") % (email,))
    except UserProfile.DoesNotExist:
        pass

    do_create_user(email, password, realm, full_name, short_name)
    return json_success()

def add_bot_backend(request, user_profile, full_name=REQ(), short_name=REQ(),
                    default_sending_stream_name=REQ('default_sending_stream', default=None),
                    default_events_register_stream_name=REQ('default_events_register_stream', default=None),
                    default_all_public_streams=REQ(validator=check_bool, default=None)):
    # type: (HttpRequest, UserProfile, text_type, text_type, Optional[text_type], Optional[text_type], Optional[bool]) -> HttpResponse
    short_name += "-bot"
    email = short_name + "@" + user_profile.realm.domain
    form = CreateUserForm({'full_name': full_name, 'email': email})
    if not form.is_valid():
        # We validate client-side as well
        return json_error(_('Bad name or username'))

    try:
        get_user_profile_by_email(email)
        return json_error(_("Username already in use"))
    except UserProfile.DoesNotExist:
        pass

    if len(request.FILES) == 0:
        avatar_source = UserProfile.AVATAR_FROM_GRAVATAR
    elif len(request.FILES) != 1:
        return json_error(_("You may only upload one file at a time"))
    else:
        user_file = list(request.FILES.values())[0]
        upload_avatar_image(user_file, user_profile, email)
        avatar_source = UserProfile.AVATAR_FROM_USER

    default_sending_stream = None
    if default_sending_stream_name is not None:
        default_sending_stream = stream_or_none(default_sending_stream_name, user_profile.realm)
    if default_sending_stream and not default_sending_stream.is_public() and not \
        subscribed_to_stream(user_profile, default_sending_stream):
        return json_error(_('Insufficient permission'))

    default_events_register_stream = None
    if default_events_register_stream_name is not None:
        default_events_register_stream = stream_or_none(default_events_register_stream_name,
                                                        user_profile.realm)
    if default_events_register_stream and not default_events_register_stream.is_public() and not \
        subscribed_to_stream(user_profile, default_events_register_stream):
        return json_error(_('Insufficient permission'))


    bot_profile = do_create_user(email=email, password='',
                                 realm=user_profile.realm, full_name=full_name,
                                 short_name=short_name, active=True,
                                 bot_type=UserProfile.DEFAULT_BOT,
                                 bot_owner=user_profile,
                                 avatar_source=avatar_source,
                                 default_sending_stream=default_sending_stream,
                                 default_events_register_stream=default_events_register_stream,
                                 default_all_public_streams=default_all_public_streams)
    json_result = dict(
            api_key=bot_profile.api_key,
            avatar_url=avatar_url(bot_profile),
            default_sending_stream=get_stream_name(bot_profile.default_sending_stream),
            default_events_register_stream=get_stream_name(bot_profile.default_events_register_stream),
            default_all_public_streams=bot_profile.default_all_public_streams,
    )
    return json_success(json_result)

def create_user_backend(request, user_profile, email=REQ(), password=REQ(),
                        full_name=REQ(), short_name=REQ()):
    # type: (HttpRequest, UserProfile, text_type, text_type, text_type, text_type) -> HttpResponse
    form = CreateUserForm({'full_name': full_name, 'email': email})
    if not form.is_valid():
        return json_error(_('Bad name or username'))

    # Check that the new user's email address belongs to the admin's realm
    # (Since this is an admin API, we don't require the user to have been
    # invited first.)
    realm = user_profile.realm
    if not email_allowed_for_realm(email, user_profile.realm):
        return json_error(_("Email '%(email)s' does not belong to domain '%(domain)s'") %
                          {'email': email, 'domain': realm.domain})

    try:
        user_profile = get_user_profile_by_email(email)
        return json_error(
            _("Email '%s' already in use") % (email,),
            dict(api_key=user_profile.api_key)
        )
    except UserProfile.DoesNotExist:
        pass

    user_profile = do_create_user(email, password, realm, full_name, short_name)
    return json_success(dict(api_key=user_profile.api_key))

def add_bot_backend(request, user_profile, full_name_raw=REQ("full_name"), short_name=REQ(),
                    default_sending_stream_name=REQ('default_sending_stream', default=None),
                    default_events_register_stream_name=REQ('default_events_register_stream', default=None),
                    default_all_public_streams=REQ(validator=check_bool, default=None)):
    # type: (HttpRequest, UserProfile, Text, Text, Optional[Text], Optional[Text], Optional[bool]) -> HttpResponse
    short_name += "-bot"
    full_name = check_full_name(full_name_raw)
    email = '%[email protected]%s' % (short_name, user_profile.realm.get_bot_domain())
    form = CreateUserForm({'full_name': full_name, 'email': email})
    if not form.is_valid():
        # We validate client-side as well
        return json_error(_('Bad name or username'))

    try:
        get_user_profile_by_email(email)
        return json_error(_("Username already in use"))
    except UserProfile.DoesNotExist:
        pass

    if len(request.FILES) == 0:
        avatar_source = UserProfile.AVATAR_FROM_GRAVATAR
    elif len(request.FILES) != 1:
        return json_error(_("You may only upload one file at a time"))
    else:
        avatar_source = UserProfile.AVATAR_FROM_USER

    default_sending_stream = None
    if default_sending_stream_name is not None:
        (default_sending_stream, ignored_rec, ignored_sub) = access_stream_by_name(
            user_profile, default_sending_stream_name)

    default_events_register_stream = None
    if default_events_register_stream_name is not None:
        (default_events_register_stream, ignored_rec, ignored_sub) = access_stream_by_name(
            user_profile, default_events_register_stream_name)

    bot_profile = do_create_user(email=email, password='',
                                 realm=user_profile.realm, full_name=full_name,
                                 short_name=short_name, active=True,
                                 bot_type=UserProfile.DEFAULT_BOT,
                                 bot_owner=user_profile,
                                 avatar_source=avatar_source,
                                 default_sending_stream=default_sending_stream,
                                 default_events_register_stream=default_events_register_stream,
                                 default_all_public_streams=default_all_public_streams)
    if len(request.FILES) == 1:
        user_file = list(request.FILES.values())[0]
        upload_avatar_image(user_file, user_profile, bot_profile)
    json_result = dict(
        api_key=bot_profile.api_key,
        avatar_url=avatar_url(bot_profile),
        default_sending_stream=get_stream_name(bot_profile.default_sending_stream),
        default_events_register_stream=get_stream_name(bot_profile.default_events_register_stream),
        default_all_public_streams=bot_profile.default_all_public_streams,
    )
    return json_success(json_result)

def create_user_backend(request, user_profile, email=REQ, password=REQ,
                        full_name=REQ, short_name=REQ):
    form = CreateUserForm({'full_name': full_name, 'email': email})
    if not form.is_valid():
        return json_error('Bad name or username')

    # Check that the new user's email address belongs to the admin's realm
    # (Since this is an admin API, we don't require the user to have been
    # invited first.)
    realm = user_profile.realm
    if not email_allowed_for_realm(email, user_profile.realm):
        return json_error("Email '%s' does not belong to domain '%s'" % (email, realm.domain))

    try:
        get_user_profile_by_email(email)
        return json_error("Email '%s' already in use" % (email,))
    except UserProfile.DoesNotExist:
        pass

    do_create_user(email, password, realm, full_name, short_name)
    return json_success()

def create_user_backend(request, user_profile, email=REQ(), password=REQ(),
                        full_name_raw=REQ("full_name"), short_name=REQ()):
    # type: (HttpRequest, UserProfile, Text, Text, Text, Text) -> HttpResponse
    full_name = check_full_name(full_name_raw)
    form = CreateUserForm({'full_name': full_name, 'email': email})
    if not form.is_valid():
        return json_error(_('Bad name or username'))

    # Check that the new user's email address belongs to the admin's realm
    # (Since this is an admin API, we don't require the user to have been
    # invited first.)
    realm = user_profile.realm
    if not email_allowed_for_realm(email, user_profile.realm):
        return json_error(_("Email '%(email)s' not allowed for realm '%(realm)s'") %
                          {'email': email, 'realm': realm.string_id})

    try:
        get_user_profile_by_email(email)
        return json_error(_("Email '%s' already in use") % (email,))
    except UserProfile.DoesNotExist:
        pass

    do_create_user(email, password, realm, full_name, short_name)
    return json_success()

def add_bot_backend(
        request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile,
        full_name_raw: Text=REQ("full_name"), short_name_raw: Text=REQ("short_name"),
        bot_type: int=REQ(validator=check_int, default=UserProfile.DEFAULT_BOT),
        payload_url: Optional[Text]=REQ(validator=check_url, default=""),
        service_name: Optional[Text]=REQ(default=None),
        config_data: Optional[Dict[Text, Text]]=REQ(default=None,
                                                    validator=check_dict(value_validator=check_string)),
        interface_type: int=REQ(validator=check_int, default=Service.GENERIC),
        default_sending_stream_name: Optional[Text]=REQ('default_sending_stream', default=None),
        default_events_register_stream_name: Optional[Text]=REQ('default_events_register_stream',
                                                                default=None),
        default_all_public_streams: Optional[bool]=REQ(validator=check_bool, default=None)
) -> HttpResponse:
    short_name = check_short_name(short_name_raw)
    service_name = service_name or short_name
    short_name += "-bot"
    full_name = check_full_name(full_name_raw)
    email = '%[email protected]%s' % (short_name, user_profile.realm.get_bot_domain())
    form = CreateUserForm({'full_name': full_name, 'email': email})

    if bot_type == UserProfile.EMBEDDED_BOT:
        if not settings.EMBEDDED_BOTS_ENABLED:
            return json_error(_("Embedded bots are not enabled."))
        if service_name not in [bot.name for bot in EMBEDDED_BOTS]:
            return json_error(_("Invalid embedded bot name."))

    if not form.is_valid():
        # We validate client-side as well
        return json_error(_('Bad name or username'))
    try:
        get_user(email, user_profile.realm)
        return json_error(_("Username already in use"))
    except UserProfile.DoesNotExist:
        pass
    check_valid_bot_type(user_profile, bot_type)
    check_valid_interface_type(interface_type)

    if len(request.FILES) == 0:
        avatar_source = UserProfile.AVATAR_FROM_GRAVATAR
    elif len(request.FILES) != 1:
        return json_error(_("You may only upload one file at a time"))
    else:
        avatar_source = UserProfile.AVATAR_FROM_USER

    default_sending_stream = None
    if default_sending_stream_name is not None:
        (default_sending_stream, ignored_rec, ignored_sub) = access_stream_by_name(
            user_profile, default_sending_stream_name)

    default_events_register_stream = None
    if default_events_register_stream_name is not None:
        (default_events_register_stream, ignored_rec, ignored_sub) = access_stream_by_name(
            user_profile, default_events_register_stream_name)

    bot_profile = do_create_user(email=email, password='',
                                 realm=user_profile.realm, full_name=full_name,
                                 short_name=short_name,
                                 bot_type=bot_type,
                                 bot_owner=user_profile,
                                 avatar_source=avatar_source,
                                 default_sending_stream=default_sending_stream,
                                 default_events_register_stream=default_events_register_stream,
                                 default_all_public_streams=default_all_public_streams)
    if len(request.FILES) == 1:
        user_file = list(request.FILES.values())[0]
        upload_avatar_image(user_file, user_profile, bot_profile)

    if bot_type in (UserProfile.OUTGOING_WEBHOOK_BOT, UserProfile.EMBEDDED_BOT):
        add_service(name=service_name,
                    user_profile=bot_profile,
                    base_url=payload_url,
                    interface=interface_type,
                    token=random_api_key())

    if bot_type == UserProfile.EMBEDDED_BOT:
        for key, value in config_data.items():
            set_bot_config(bot_profile, key, value)

    json_result = dict(
        api_key=bot_profile.api_key,
        avatar_url=avatar_url(bot_profile),
        default_sending_stream=get_stream_name(bot_profile.default_sending_stream),
        default_events_register_stream=get_stream_name(bot_profile.default_events_register_stream),
        default_all_public_streams=bot_profile.default_all_public_streams,
    )
    return json_success(json_result)