public virtual MySqlSchemaCollection GetDatabases(string[] restrictions)
    {
      Regex regex = null;
      int caseSetting = Int32.Parse(connection.driver.Property("lower_case_table_names"));

      string sql = "SHOW DATABASES";

      // if lower_case_table_names is zero, then case lookup should be sensitive
      // so we can use LIKE to do the matching.
      if (caseSetting == 0)
      {
        if (restrictions != null && restrictions.Length >= 1)
          sql = sql + " LIKE '" + restrictions[0] + "'";
      }

      MySqlSchemaCollection c = QueryCollection("Databases", sql);

      if (caseSetting != 0 && restrictions != null && restrictions.Length >= 1 && restrictions[0] != null)
        regex = new Regex(restrictions[0], RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);

      MySqlSchemaCollection c2 = new MySqlSchemaCollection("Databases");
      c2.AddColumn("CATALOG_NAME", typeof(string));
      c2.AddColumn("SCHEMA_NAME", typeof(string));

      foreach (MySqlSchemaRow row in c.Rows)
      {
        if (regex != null && !regex.Match(row[0].ToString()).Success) continue;
        MySqlSchemaRow newRow = c2.AddRow();
        newRow[1] = row[0];
      }
      return c2;
    }

        public virtual MySqlSchemaCollection GetColumns(string[] restrictions)
        {
            MySqlSchemaCollection c = new MySqlSchemaCollection("Columns");
            c.AddColumn("TABLE_CATALOG", typeof(string));
            c.AddColumn("TABLE_SCHEMA", typeof(string));
            c.AddColumn("TABLE_NAME", typeof(string));
            c.AddColumn("COLUMN_NAME", typeof(string));
            c.AddColumn("ORDINAL_POSITION", typeof(ulong));
            c.AddColumn("COLUMN_DEFAULT", typeof(string));
            c.AddColumn("IS_NULLABLE", typeof(string));
            c.AddColumn("DATA_TYPE", typeof(string));
            c.AddColumn("CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH", typeof(ulong));
            c.AddColumn("CHARACTER_OCTET_LENGTH", typeof(ulong));
            c.AddColumn("NUMERIC_PRECISION", typeof(ulong));
            c.AddColumn("NUMERIC_SCALE", typeof(ulong));
            c.AddColumn("CHARACTER_SET_NAME", typeof(string));
            c.AddColumn("COLLATION_NAME", typeof(string));
            c.AddColumn("COLUMN_TYPE", typeof(string));
            c.AddColumn("COLUMN_KEY", typeof(string));
            c.AddColumn("EXTRA", typeof(string));
            c.AddColumn("PRIVILEGES", typeof(string));
            c.AddColumn("COLUMN_COMMENT", typeof(string));
            c.AddColumn("GENERATION_EXPRESSION", typeof(string));

            // we don't allow restricting on table type here
            string columnName = null;
            if (restrictions != null && restrictions.Length == 4)
            {
                columnName = restrictions[3];
                restrictions[3] = null;
            }
            MySqlSchemaCollection tables = GetTables(restrictions);

            foreach (MySqlSchemaRow row in tables.Rows)
                LoadTableColumns(c, row["TABLE_SCHEMA"].ToString(),
                         row["TABLE_NAME"].ToString(), columnName);

            QuoteDefaultValues(c);
            return c;
        }

 internal static void SetDSInfo(MySqlSchemaCollection sc)
 {
   // we use name indexing because this method will only be called
   // when GetSchema is called for the DataSourceInformation 
   // collection and then it wil be cached.
   MySqlSchemaRow row = sc.AddRow();
   row["TypeName"] = "TINY INT";
   row["ProviderDbType"] = MySqlDbType.UByte;
   row["ColumnSize"] = 0;
   row["CreateFormat"] = "TINYINT UNSIGNED";
   row["CreateParameters"] = null;
   row["DataType"] = "System.Byte";
   row["IsAutoincrementable"] = true;
   row["IsBestMatch"] = true;
   row["IsCaseSensitive"] = false;
   row["IsFixedLength"] = true;
   row["IsFixedPrecisionScale"] = true;
   row["IsLong"] = false;
   row["IsNullable"] = true;
   row["IsSearchable"] = true;
   row["IsSearchableWithLike"] = false;
   row["IsUnsigned"] = true;
   row["MaximumScale"] = 0;
   row["MinimumScale"] = 0;
   row["IsConcurrencyType"] = DBNull.Value;
   row["IsLiteralSupported"] = false;
   row["LiteralPrefix"] = null;
   row["LiteralSuffix"] = null;
   row["NativeDataType"] = null;
 }

        /// <summary>
        /// GetForeignKeysOnTable retrieves the foreign keys on the given table.
        /// Since MySQL supports foreign keys on versions prior to 5.0, we can't  use
        /// information schema.  MySQL also does not include any type of SHOW command
        /// for foreign keys so we have to resort to use SHOW CREATE TABLE and parsing
        /// the output.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="fkTable">The table to store the key info in.</param>
        /// <param name="tableToParse">The table to get the foeign key info for.</param>
        /// <param name="filterName">Only get foreign keys that match this name.</param>
        /// <param name="includeColumns">Should column information be included in the table.</param>
        private void GetForeignKeysOnTable(MySqlSchemaCollection fkTable, MySqlSchemaRow tableToParse,
                       string filterName, bool includeColumns)
        {
            string sqlMode = GetSqlMode();

              if (filterName != null)
            filterName = StringUtility.ToLowerInvariant(filterName);

              string sql = string.Format("SHOW CREATE TABLE `{0}`.`{1}`",
                     tableToParse["TABLE_SCHEMA"], tableToParse["TABLE_NAME"]);
              string lowerBody = null, body = null;
              MySqlCommand cmd = new MySqlCommand(sql, connection);
              using (MySqlDataReader reader = cmd.ExecuteReader())
              {
            reader.Read();
            body = reader.GetString(1);
            lowerBody = StringUtility.ToLowerInvariant(body);
              }

              MySqlTokenizer tokenizer = new MySqlTokenizer(lowerBody);
              tokenizer.AnsiQuotes = sqlMode.IndexOf("ANSI_QUOTES") != -1;
              tokenizer.BackslashEscapes = sqlMode.IndexOf("NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES") != -1;

              while (true)
              {
            string token = tokenizer.NextToken();
            // look for a starting contraint
            while (token != null && (token != "constraint" || tokenizer.Quoted))
              token = tokenizer.NextToken();
            if (token == null) break;

            ParseConstraint(fkTable, tableToParse, tokenizer, includeColumns);
              }
        }

        private void FindTables(MySqlSchemaCollection schema, string[] restrictions)
        {
            StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
              StringBuilder where = new StringBuilder();
              sql.AppendFormat(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
               "SHOW TABLE STATUS FROM `{0}`", restrictions[1]);
              if (restrictions != null && restrictions.Length >= 3 &&
            restrictions[2] != null)
            where.AppendFormat(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
                   " LIKE '{0}'", restrictions[2]);
              sql.Append(where.ToString());

              string table_type = restrictions[1].ToLower() == "information_schema"
                  ?
                "SYSTEM VIEW"
                  : "BASE TABLE";

              MySqlCommand cmd = new MySqlCommand(sql.ToString(), connection);
              using (MySqlDataReader reader = cmd.ExecuteReader())
              {
            while (reader.Read())
            {
              MySqlSchemaRow row = schema.AddRow();
              row["TABLE_CATALOG"] = null;
              row["TABLE_SCHEMA"] = restrictions[1];
              row["TABLE_NAME"] = reader.GetString(0);
              row["TABLE_TYPE"] = table_type;
              row["ENGINE"] = GetString(reader, 1);
              row["VERSION"] = reader.GetValue(2);
              row["ROW_FORMAT"] = GetString(reader, 3);
              row["TABLE_ROWS"] = reader.GetValue(4);
              row["AVG_ROW_LENGTH"] = reader.GetValue(5);
              row["DATA_LENGTH"] = reader.GetValue(6);
              row["MAX_DATA_LENGTH"] = reader.GetValue(7);
              row["INDEX_LENGTH"] = reader.GetValue(8);
              row["DATA_FREE"] = reader.GetValue(9);
              row["AUTO_INCREMENT"] = reader.GetValue(10);
              row["CREATE_TIME"] = reader.GetValue(11);
              row["UPDATE_TIME"] = reader.GetValue(12);
              row["CHECK_TIME"] = reader.GetValue(13);
              row["TABLE_COLLATION"] = GetString(reader, 14);
              row["CHECKSUM"] = reader.GetValue(15);
              row["CREATE_OPTIONS"] = GetString(reader, 16);
              row["TABLE_COMMENT"] = GetString(reader, 17);
            }
              }
        }

        private static void ParseConstraint(MySqlSchemaCollection fkTable, MySqlSchemaRow table,
      MySqlTokenizer tokenizer, bool includeColumns)
        {
            string name = tokenizer.NextToken();
              MySqlSchemaRow row = fkTable.AddRow();

              // make sure this constraint is a FK
              string token = tokenizer.NextToken();
              if (token != "foreign" || tokenizer.Quoted)
            return;
              tokenizer.NextToken(); // read off the 'KEY' symbol
              tokenizer.NextToken(); // read off the '(' symbol

              row["CONSTRAINT_CATALOG"] = table["TABLE_CATALOG"];
              row["CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA"] = table["TABLE_SCHEMA"];
              row["TABLE_CATALOG"] = table["TABLE_CATALOG"];
              row["TABLE_SCHEMA"] = table["TABLE_SCHEMA"];
              row["TABLE_NAME"] = table["TABLE_NAME"];
              row["REFERENCED_TABLE_CATALOG"] = null;
              row["CONSTRAINT_NAME"] = name.Trim(new char[] { '\'', '`' });

              List<string> srcColumns = includeColumns ? ParseColumns(tokenizer) : null;

              // now look for the references section
              while (token != "references" || tokenizer.Quoted)
            token = tokenizer.NextToken();
              string target1 = tokenizer.NextToken();
              string target2 = tokenizer.NextToken();
              if (target2.StartsWith(".", StringComparison.Ordinal))
              {
            row["REFERENCED_TABLE_SCHEMA"] = target1;
            row["REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME"] = target2.Substring(1).Trim(new char[] { '\'', '`' });
            tokenizer.NextToken();  // read off the '('
              }
              else
              {
            row["REFERENCED_TABLE_SCHEMA"] = table["TABLE_SCHEMA"];
            row["REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME"] = target1.Substring(1).Trim(new char[] { '\'', '`' }); ;
              }

              // if we are supposed to include columns, read the target columns
              List<string> targetColumns = includeColumns ? ParseColumns(tokenizer) : null;

              if (includeColumns)
            ProcessColumns(fkTable, row, srcColumns, targetColumns);
              else
            fkTable.Rows.Add(row);
        }

        private static MySqlSchemaCollection GetDataTypes()
        {
            MySqlSchemaCollection dt = new MySqlSchemaCollection("DataTypes");
              dt.AddColumn("TypeName", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("ProviderDbType", typeof(int));
              dt.AddColumn("ColumnSize", typeof(long));
              dt.AddColumn("CreateFormat", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("CreateParameters", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("DataType", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("IsAutoincrementable", typeof(bool));
              dt.AddColumn("IsBestMatch", typeof(bool));
              dt.AddColumn("IsCaseSensitive", typeof(bool));
              dt.AddColumn("IsFixedLength", typeof(bool));
              dt.AddColumn("IsFixedPrecisionScale", typeof(bool));
              dt.AddColumn("IsLong", typeof(bool));
              dt.AddColumn("IsNullable", typeof(bool));
              dt.AddColumn("IsSearchable", typeof(bool));
              dt.AddColumn("IsSearchableWithLike", typeof(bool));
              dt.AddColumn("IsUnsigned", typeof(bool));
              dt.AddColumn("MaximumScale", typeof(short));
              dt.AddColumn("MinimumScale", typeof(short));
              dt.AddColumn("IsConcurrencyType", typeof(bool));
              dt.AddColumn("IsLiteralSupported", typeof(bool));
              dt.AddColumn("LiteralPrefix", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("LiteralSuffix", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("NativeDataType", typeof(string));

              // have each one of the types contribute to the datatypes collection
              MySqlBit.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlBinary.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlDateTime.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlTimeSpan.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlString.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlDouble.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlSingle.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlByte.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlInt16.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlInt32.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlInt64.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlDecimal.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlUByte.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlUInt16.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlUInt32.SetDSInfo(dt);
              MySqlUInt64.SetDSInfo(dt);

              return dt;
        }

        protected MySqlSchemaCollection QueryCollection(string name, string sql)
        {
            MySqlSchemaCollection c = new MySqlSchemaCollection(name);
              MySqlCommand cmd = new MySqlCommand(sql, connection);
              MySqlDataReader reader = cmd.ExecuteReader();

              for (int i = 0; i < reader.FieldCount; i++)
            c.AddColumn(reader.GetName(i), reader.GetFieldType(i));

              using (reader)
              {
            while (reader.Read())
            {
              MySqlSchemaRow row = c.AddRow();
              for (int i = 0; i < reader.FieldCount; i++)
            row[i] = reader.GetValue(i);
            }
              }
              return c;
        }

        private void LoadTableColumns(MySqlSchemaCollection schemaCollection, string schema,
                    string tableName, string columnRestriction)
        {
            string sql = String.Format("SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `{0}`.`{1}`",
                     schema, tableName);
              MySqlCommand cmd = new MySqlCommand(sql, connection);

              int pos = 1;
              using (MySqlDataReader reader = cmd.ExecuteReader())
              {
            while (reader.Read())
            {
              string colName = reader.GetString(0);
              if (columnRestriction != null && colName != columnRestriction)
            continue;
              MySqlSchemaRow row = schemaCollection.AddRow();
              row["TABLE_CATALOG"] = DBNull.Value;
              row["TABLE_SCHEMA"] = schema;
              row["TABLE_NAME"] = tableName;
              row["COLUMN_NAME"] = colName;
              row["ORDINAL_POSITION"] = pos++;
              row["COLUMN_DEFAULT"] = reader.GetValue(5);
              row["IS_NULLABLE"] = reader.GetString(3);
              row["DATA_TYPE"] = reader.GetString(1);
              row["CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH"] = DBNull.Value;
              row["CHARACTER_OCTET_LENGTH"] = DBNull.Value;
              row["NUMERIC_PRECISION"] = DBNull.Value;
              row["NUMERIC_SCALE"] = DBNull.Value;
              row["CHARACTER_SET_NAME"] = reader.GetValue(2);
              row["COLLATION_NAME"] = row["CHARACTER_SET_NAME"];
              row["COLUMN_TYPE"] = reader.GetString(1);
              row["COLUMN_KEY"] = reader.GetString(4);
              row["EXTRA"] = reader.GetString(6);
              row["PRIVILEGES"] = reader.GetString(7);
              row["COLUMN_COMMENT"] = reader.GetString(8);
              ParseColumnRow(row);
            }
              }
        }

    public static void SetDSInfo(MySqlSchemaCollection sc)
    {
      string[] types = new string[] { "BLOB", "TINYBLOB", "MEDIUMBLOB", "LONGBLOB", "BINARY", "VARBINARY" };
      MySqlDbType[] dbtype = new MySqlDbType[] { MySqlDbType.Blob, 
                MySqlDbType.TinyBlob, MySqlDbType.MediumBlob, MySqlDbType.LongBlob, MySqlDbType.Binary, MySqlDbType.VarBinary };
      long[] sizes = new long[] { 65535L, 255L, 16777215L, 4294967295L, 255L, 65535L };
      string[] format = new string[] { null, null, null, null, "binary({0})", "varbinary({0})" };
      string[] parms = new string[] { null, null, null, null, "length", "length" };

      // we use name indexing because this method will only be called
      // when GetSchema is called for the DataSourceInformation 
      // collection and then it wil be cached.
      for (int x = 0; x < types.Length; x++)
      {
        MySqlSchemaRow row = sc.AddRow();
        row["TypeName"] = types[x];
        row["ProviderDbType"] = dbtype[x];
        row["ColumnSize"] = sizes[x];
        row["CreateFormat"] = format[x];
        row["CreateParameters"] = parms[x];
        row["DataType"] = "System.Byte[]";
        row["IsAutoincrementable"] = false;
        row["IsBestMatch"] = true;
        row["IsCaseSensitive"] = false;
        row["IsFixedLength"] = x < 4 ? false : true;
        row["IsFixedPrecisionScale"] = false;
        row["IsLong"] = sizes[x] > 255;
        row["IsNullable"] = true;
        row["IsSearchable"] = false;
        row["IsSearchableWithLike"] = false;
        row["IsUnsigned"] = DBNull.Value;
        row["MaximumScale"] = DBNull.Value;
        row["MinimumScale"] = DBNull.Value;
        row["IsConcurrencyType"] = DBNull.Value;
        row["IsLiteralSupported"] = false;
        row["LiteralPrefix"] = "0x";
        row["LiteralSuffix"] = DBNull.Value;
        row["NativeDataType"] = DBNull.Value;
      }
    }

        private void ParseProcedureBody(MySqlSchemaCollection parametersTable, string body,
            MySqlSchemaRow row, string nameToRestrict)
        {
            List<string> modes = new List<string>(new string[3] { "IN", "OUT", "INOUT" });

            string sqlMode = row["SQL_MODE"].ToString();

            int pos = 1;
            MySqlTokenizer tokenizer = new MySqlTokenizer(body);
            tokenizer.AnsiQuotes = sqlMode.IndexOf("ANSI_QUOTES") != -1;
            tokenizer.BackslashEscapes = sqlMode.IndexOf("NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES") == -1;
            tokenizer.ReturnComments = false;
            string token = tokenizer.NextToken();

            // this block will scan for the opening paren while also determining
            // if this routine is a function.  If so, then we need to add a
            // parameter row for the return parameter since it is ordinal position
            // 0 and should appear first.
            while (token != "(")
            {
                if (String.Compare(token, "FUNCTION", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) == 0 &&
                    nameToRestrict == null)
                {
                    parametersTable.AddRow();
                    InitParameterRow(row, parametersTable.Rows[0]);
                }
                token = tokenizer.NextToken();
            }
            token = tokenizer.NextToken();  // now move to the next token past the (

            while (token != ")")
            {
                MySqlSchemaRow parmRow = parametersTable.NewRow();
                InitParameterRow(row, parmRow);
                parmRow["ORDINAL_POSITION"] = pos++;

                // handle mode and name for the parameter
                string mode = token.ToUpper();
                if (!tokenizer.Quoted && modes.Contains(mode))
                {
                    parmRow["PARAMETER_MODE"] = mode;
                    token = tokenizer.NextToken();
                }
                if (tokenizer.Quoted)
                    token = token.Substring(1, token.Length - 2);
                parmRow["PARAMETER_NAME"] = token;

                // now parse data type
                token = ParseDataType(parmRow, tokenizer);
                if (token == ",")
                    token = tokenizer.NextToken();

                // now determine if we should include this row after all
                // we need to parse it before this check so we are correctly
                // positioned for the next parameter
                if (nameToRestrict == null ||
                    String.Compare(parmRow["PARAMETER_NAME"].ToString(), nameToRestrict, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) == 0)
                    parametersTable.Rows.Add(parmRow);
            }

            // now parse out the return parameter if there is one.
            token = tokenizer.NextToken().ToUpper();
            if (String.Compare(token, "RETURNS", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) == 0)
            {
                MySqlSchemaRow parameterRow = parametersTable.Rows[0];
                parameterRow["PARAMETER_NAME"] = "RETURN_VALUE";
                ParseDataType(parameterRow, tokenizer);
            }
        }

        private MySqlSchemaCollection GetParametersFromIS(string[] restrictions, MySqlSchemaCollection routines)
        {
            MySqlSchemaCollection parms = null;

            if (routines == null || routines.Rows.Count == 0)
            {
                if (restrictions == null)
                {
                    parms = QueryCollection("parameters", "SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PARAMETERS WHERE 1=2");
                }
                else
                    parms = GetParametersForRoutineFromIS(restrictions);
            }
            else foreach (MySqlSchemaRow routine in routines.Rows)
                {
                    if (restrictions != null && restrictions.Length >= 3)
                        restrictions[2] = routine["ROUTINE_NAME"].ToString();

                    parms = GetParametersForRoutineFromIS(restrictions);
                }
            parms.Name = "Procedure Parameters";
            return parms;
        }

        internal void GetParametersFromShowCreate(MySqlSchemaCollection parametersTable,
            string[] restrictions, MySqlSchemaCollection routines)
        {
            // this allows us to pass in a pre-populated routines table
            // and avoid the querying for them again.
            // we use this when calling a procedure or function
            if (routines == null)
                routines = GetSchema("procedures", restrictions);

            MySqlCommand cmd = connection.CreateCommand();

            foreach (MySqlSchemaRow routine in routines.Rows)
            {
                string showCreateSql = String.Format("SHOW CREATE {0} `{1}`.`{2}`",
                    routine["ROUTINE_TYPE"], routine["ROUTINE_SCHEMA"],
                    routine["ROUTINE_NAME"]);
                cmd.CommandText = showCreateSql;
                try
                {
                    string nameToRestrict = null;
                    if (restrictions != null && restrictions.Length == 5 &&
                        restrictions[4] != null)
                        nameToRestrict = restrictions[4];
                    using (MySqlDataReader reader = cmd.ExecuteReader())
                    {
                        reader.Read();
                        string body = reader.GetString(2);
                        reader.Close();
                        ParseProcedureBody(parametersTable, body, routine, nameToRestrict);
                    }
                }

                catch (MySqlNullValueException snex)

                {
                    throw new InvalidOperationException(
                        String.Format("Resources.UnableToRetrieveParameters", routine["ROUTINE_NAME"]), snex);
                }
            }
        }

 internal MySqlSchemaCollection CreateParametersTable()
 {
     MySqlSchemaCollection dt = new MySqlSchemaCollection("Procedure Parameters");
     dt.AddColumn("SPECIFIC_CATALOG", typeof(string));
     dt.AddColumn("SPECIFIC_SCHEMA", typeof(string));
     dt.AddColumn("SPECIFIC_NAME", typeof(string));
     dt.AddColumn("ORDINAL_POSITION", typeof(Int32));
     dt.AddColumn("PARAMETER_MODE", typeof(string));
     dt.AddColumn("PARAMETER_NAME", typeof(string));
     dt.AddColumn("DATA_TYPE", typeof(string));
     dt.AddColumn("CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH", typeof(Int32));
     dt.AddColumn("CHARACTER_OCTET_LENGTH", typeof(Int32));
     dt.AddColumn("NUMERIC_PRECISION", typeof(byte));
     dt.AddColumn("NUMERIC_SCALE", typeof(Int32));
     dt.AddColumn("CHARACTER_SET_NAME", typeof(string));
     dt.AddColumn("COLLATION_NAME", typeof(string));
     dt.AddColumn("DTD_IDENTIFIER", typeof(string));
     dt.AddColumn("ROUTINE_TYPE", typeof(string));
     return dt;
 }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return schema information about parameters for procedures and functions
        /// Restrictions supported are:
        /// schema, name, type, parameter name
        /// </summary>
        public virtual MySqlSchemaCollection GetProcedureParameters(string[] restrictions,
            MySqlSchemaCollection routines)
        {
            bool is55 = connection.driver.Version.isAtLeast(5, 5, 3);

            try
            {
                // we want to avoid using IS if  we can as it is painfully slow
                MySqlSchemaCollection dt = CreateParametersTable();
                GetParametersFromShowCreate(dt, restrictions, routines);
                return dt;
            }
            catch (Exception)
            {
                if (!is55) throw;

                // we get here by not having access and we are on 5.5 or later so just use IS
                return GetParametersFromIS(restrictions, routines);
            }
        }

        protected virtual MySqlSchemaCollection GetCollections()
        {
            object[][] collections = new object[][]
            {
              new object[] {"MetaDataCollections", 0, 0},
              new object[] {"DataSourceInformation", 0, 0},
              new object[] {"DataTypes", 0, 0},
              new object[] {"Restrictions", 0, 0},
              new object[] {"ReservedWords", 0, 0},
              new object[] {"Databases", 1, 1},
              new object[] {"Tables", 4, 2},
              new object[] {"Columns", 4, 4},
              new object[] {"Users", 1, 1},
              new object[] {"Foreign Keys", 4, 3},
              new object[] {"IndexColumns", 5, 4},
              new object[] {"Indexes", 4, 3},
              new object[] {"Foreign Key Columns", 4, 3},
              new object[] {"UDF", 1, 1}
            };

              MySqlSchemaCollection dt = new MySqlSchemaCollection("MetaDataCollections");
              dt.AddColumn("CollectionName", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("NumberOfRestrictions", typeof(int));
              dt.AddColumn("NumberOfIdentifierParts", typeof(int));

              FillTable(dt, collections);

              return dt;
        }

        protected virtual MySqlSchemaCollection GetRestrictions()
        {
            object[][] restrictions = new object[][]
            {
              new object[] {"Users", "Name", "", 0},
              new object[] {"Databases", "Name", "", 0},
              new object[] {"Tables", "Database", "", 0},
              new object[] {"Tables", "Schema", "", 1},
              new object[] {"Tables", "Table", "", 2},
              new object[] {"Tables", "TableType", "", 3},
              new object[] {"Columns", "Database", "", 0},
              new object[] {"Columns", "Schema", "", 1},
              new object[] {"Columns", "Table", "", 2},
              new object[] {"Columns", "Column", "", 3},
              new object[] {"Indexes", "Database", "", 0},
              new object[] {"Indexes", "Schema", "", 1},
              new object[] {"Indexes", "Table", "", 2},
              new object[] {"Indexes", "Name", "", 3},
              new object[] {"IndexColumns", "Database", "", 0},
              new object[] {"IndexColumns", "Schema", "", 1},
              new object[] {"IndexColumns", "Table", "", 2},
              new object[] {"IndexColumns", "ConstraintName", "", 3},
              new object[] {"IndexColumns", "Column", "", 4},
              new object[] {"Foreign Keys", "Database", "", 0},
              new object[] {"Foreign Keys", "Schema", "", 1},
              new object[] {"Foreign Keys", "Table", "", 2},
              new object[] {"Foreign Keys", "Constraint Name", "", 3},
              new object[] {"Foreign Key Columns", "Catalog", "", 0},
              new object[] {"Foreign Key Columns", "Schema", "", 1},
              new object[] {"Foreign Key Columns", "Table", "", 2},
              new object[] {"Foreign Key Columns", "Constraint Name", "", 3},
              new object[] {"UDF", "Name", "", 0}
            };

              MySqlSchemaCollection dt = new MySqlSchemaCollection("Restrictions");
              dt.AddColumn("CollectionName", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("RestrictionName", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("RestrictionDefault", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("RestrictionNumber", typeof(int));

              FillTable(dt, restrictions);

              return dt;
        }

        public virtual MySqlSchemaCollection GetForeignKeys(string[] restrictions)
        {
            MySqlSchemaCollection dt = new MySqlSchemaCollection("Foreign Keys");
              dt.AddColumn("CONSTRAINT_CATALOG", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("CONSTRAINT_NAME", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("TABLE_CATALOG", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("TABLE_SCHEMA", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("TABLE_NAME", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("MATCH_OPTION", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("UPDATE_RULE", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("DELETE_RULE", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("REFERENCED_TABLE_CATALOG", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("REFERENCED_TABLE_SCHEMA", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME", typeof(string));

              // first we use our restrictions to get a list of tables that should be
              // consulted.  We save the keyname restriction since GetTables doesn't
              // understand that.
              string keyName = null;
              if (restrictions != null && restrictions.Length >= 4)
              {
            keyName = restrictions[3];
            restrictions[3] = null;
              }

              MySqlSchemaCollection tables = GetTables(restrictions);

              // now for each table retrieved, we call our helper function to
              // parse it's foreign keys
              foreach (MySqlSchemaRow table in tables.Rows)
            GetForeignKeysOnTable(dt, table, keyName, false);

              return dt;
        }

        protected void QuoteDefaultValues(MySqlSchemaCollection schemaCollection)
        {
            if (schemaCollection == null) return;
              if (!schemaCollection.ContainsColumn("COLUMN_DEFAULT")) return;

              foreach (MySqlSchemaRow row in schemaCollection.Rows)
              {
            object defaultValue = row["COLUMN_DEFAULT"];
            if (MetaData.IsTextType(row["DATA_TYPE"].ToString()))
              row["COLUMN_DEFAULT"] = String.Format("{0}", defaultValue);
              }
        }

        public virtual MySqlSchemaCollection GetIndexColumns(string[] restrictions)
        {
            MySqlSchemaCollection dt = new MySqlSchemaCollection("IndexColumns");
              dt.AddColumn("INDEX_CATALOG", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("INDEX_SCHEMA", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("INDEX_NAME", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("TABLE_NAME", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("COLUMN_NAME", typeof(string));
              dt.AddColumn("ORDINAL_POSITION", typeof(int));
              dt.AddColumn("SORT_ORDER", typeof(string));

              int max = restrictions == null ? 4 : restrictions.Length;
              string[] tableRestrictions = new string[Math.Max(max, 4)];
              if (restrictions != null)
            restrictions.CopyTo(tableRestrictions, 0);
              tableRestrictions[3] = "BASE TABLE";
              MySqlSchemaCollection tables = GetTables(tableRestrictions);

              foreach (MySqlSchemaRow table in tables.Rows)
              {
            string sql = String.Format("SHOW INDEX FROM `{0}`.`{1}`",
                       table["TABLE_SCHEMA"], table["TABLE_NAME"]);
            MySqlCommand cmd = new MySqlCommand(sql, connection);
            using (MySqlDataReader reade