def test_int_subclass(self):
        class X(int):
            pass

        result = transform(X())
        self.assertEquals(type(result), int)
        self.assertEquals(result, 0)

def get_stack_info(frames):
    results = []
    for frame in frames:
        # Support hidden frames
        if frame.f_locals.get('__traceback_hide__'):
            continue

        filename = frame.f_code.co_filename
        function = frame.f_code.co_name
        lineno = frame.f_lineno - 1
        loader = frame.f_globals.get('__loader__')
        module_name = frame.f_globals.get('__name__')
        pre_context_lineno, pre_context, context_line, post_context = get_lines_from_file(filename, lineno, 7, loader, module_name)
        if pre_context_lineno is not None:
            results.append({
                'filename': filename,
                'module': module_name,
                'function': function,
                'lineno': lineno + 1,
                # TODO: vars need to be references
                'vars': transform(frame.f_locals.items()),
                'pre_context': pre_context,
                'context_line': context_line,
                'post_context': post_context,
                'pre_context_lineno': pre_context_lineno + 1,
            })
    return results

def get_stack_info(frames):
    results = []
    for frame in frames:
        # Support hidden frames
        if frame.f_locals.get("__traceback_hide__"):
            continue

        filename = frame.f_code.co_filename
        function = frame.f_code.co_name
        lineno = frame.f_lineno - 1
        loader = frame.f_globals.get("__loader__")
        module_name = frame.f_globals.get("__name__")
        pre_context_lineno, pre_context, context_line, post_context = get_lines_from_file(
            filename, lineno, 7, loader, module_name
        )
        if pre_context_lineno is not None:
            results.append(
                {
                    "id": id(frame),
                    "filename": filename,
                    "module": module_name,
                    "function": function,
                    "lineno": lineno + 1,
                    # TODO: vars need to be references
                    "vars": transform(frame.f_locals.items()),
                    "pre_context": pre_context,
                    "context_line": context_line,
                    "post_context": post_context,
                    "pre_context_lineno": pre_context_lineno + 1,
                }
            )
    return results

    def test_uuid(self):
        import uuid

        uuid = uuid.uuid4()
        result = transform(uuid)
        self.assertEquals(result, repr(uuid))
        self.assertTrue(type(result), str)

    def test_dict_keys(self):
        x = {u'foo': 'bar'}

        result = transform(x)
        keys = result.keys()
        self.assertEquals(len(keys), 1)
        self.assertEquals(keys[0], 'foo')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(keys[0], str))

    def test_dict_keys_utf8_as_unicode(self):
        x = {u"רונית מגן": "bar"}

        result = transform(x)
        keys = result.keys()
        self.assertEquals(len(keys), 1)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(keys[0], str))
        self.assertEquals(keys[0], "רונית מגן")

    def test_dict_keys(self):
        x = {u"foo": "bar"}

        result = transform(x)
        keys = result.keys()
        self.assertEquals(len(keys), 1)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(keys[0], str))
        self.assertEquals(keys[0], "foo")

    def test_dict_keys_utf8_as_unicode(self):
        x = {u'רונית מגן': 'bar'}

        result = transform(x)
        keys = result.keys()
        self.assertEquals(len(keys), 1)
        self.assertTrue(type(keys[0]), str)
        self.assertEquals(keys[0], 'רונית מגן')

    def test_custom_repr(self):
        class Foo(object):
            def __sentry__(self):
                return 'example'

        x = Foo()

        result = transform(x)
        self.assertEquals(result, 'example')

    def test_broken_repr(self):
        class Foo(object):
            def __repr__(self):
                raise ValueError

        x = Foo()

        result = transform(x)
        self.assertEquals(result, u"<BadRepr: <class 'tests.utils.encoding.tests.Foo'>>")

    def test_dict_keys(self):
        x = {u'foo': 'bar'}

        result = transform(x)
        self.assertEquals(type(result), dict)
        keys = result.keys()
        self.assertEquals(len(keys), 1)
        self.assertTrue(type(keys[0]), str)
        self.assertEquals(keys[0], 'foo')

    def create_from_exception(self, exc_info=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Creates an event from an exception.

        >>> try:
        >>>     exc_info = sys.exc_info()
        >>>     client.create_from_exception(exc_info)
        >>> finally:
        >>>     del exc_info

        If exc_info is not provided, or is set to True, then this method will
        perform the ``exc_info = sys.exc_info()`` and the requisite clean-up
        for you.
        """
        new_exc = False
        if not exc_info or exc_info is True:
            new_exc = True
            exc_info = sys.exc_info()

        data = kwargs.pop('data', {}) or {}

        try:
            exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback = exc_info

            frames = varmap(shorten, get_stack_info(iter_traceback_frames(exc_traceback)))

            if hasattr(exc_type, '__class__'):
                exc_module = exc_type.__class__.__module__
            else:
                exc_module = None

            data['__sentry__'] = {}
            data['__sentry__']['frames'] = frames
            data['__sentry__']['exception'] = [exc_module, exc_value.args]

            tb_message = '\n'.join(traceback.format_exception(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback))

            kwargs.setdefault('message', transform(force_unicode(exc_value)))

            return self.process(
                class_name=exc_type.__name__,
                traceback=tb_message,
                data=data,
                **kwargs
            )
        finally:
            # It's important that we cleanup the frames object (specifically exc_info[2])
            # to ensure that GC can happen properly.
            if new_exc:
                try:
                    del exc_info
                    del exc_traceback
                except Exception, e:
                    logger.exception(e)

def get_stack_info(frames):
    """
    Given a list of frames, returns a list of stack information
    dictionary objects that are JSON-ready.
    """
    results = []
    for frame in frames:
        # Support hidden frames
        f_locals = frame.f_locals
        if _getitem_from_frame(f_locals, '__traceback_hide__'):
            continue

        abs_path = frame.f_code.co_filename
        function = frame.f_code.co_name
        lineno = frame.f_lineno - 1
        loader = frame.f_globals.get('__loader__')
        module_name = frame.f_globals.get('__name__')
        pre_context, context_line, post_context = get_lines_from_file(abs_path, lineno, 3, loader, module_name)

        # Try to pull a relative file path
        # This changes /foo/site-packages/baz/bar.py into baz/bar.py
        try:
            base_filename = sys.modules[module_name.split('.', 1)[0]].__file__
            filename = abs_path.split(base_filename.rsplit('/', 2)[0], 1)[-1][1:]
        except:
            filename = abs_path

        if context_line:
            f_locals = frame.f_locals
            if not isinstance(f_locals, dict):
                # XXX: Genshi (and maybe others) have broken implementations of
                # f_locals that are not actually dictionaries
                try:
                    f_locals = to_dict(f_locals)
                except Exception, e:
                    print e
                    f_locals = '<invalid local scope>'
            results.append({
                'abs_path': abs_path,
                'filename': filename or abs_path,
                'module': module_name,
                'function': function,
                'lineno': lineno + 1,
                # TODO: vars need to be references
                'vars': transform(f_locals),
                'pre_context': pre_context,
                'context_line': context_line,
                'post_context': post_context,
            })

    def create_from_exception(self, exc_info=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Creates an event from an exception.

        >>> try:
        >>>     exc_info = sys.exc_info()
        >>>     client.create_from_exception(exc_info)
        >>> finally:
        >>>     del exc_info
        """
        new_exc = bool(exc_info)
        if not exc_info or exc_info is True:
            exc_info = sys.exc_info()

        data = kwargs.pop('data', {}) or {}

        try:
            exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback = exc_info

            frames = varmap(shorten, get_stack_info(iter_traceback_frames(exc_traceback)))

            if hasattr(exc_type, '__class__'):
                exc_module = exc_type.__class__.__module__
            else:
                exc_module = None

            data['__sentry__'] = {}
            data['__sentry__']['frames'] = frames
            data['__sentry__']['exception'] = [exc_module, exc_value.args]

            tb_message = '\n'.join(traceback.format_exception(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback))

            kwargs.setdefault('message', transform(force_unicode(exc_value)))

            return self.process(
                class_name=exc_type.__name__,
                traceback=tb_message,
                data=data,
                **kwargs
            )
        finally:
            if new_exc:
                try:
                    del exc_info
                except Exception, e:
                    logger.exception(e)

def get_stack_info(frames):
    results = []
    for frame in frames:
        # Support hidden frames
        if frame.f_locals.get('__traceback_hide__'):
            continue

        abs_path = frame.f_code.co_filename
        function = frame.f_code.co_name
        lineno = frame.f_lineno - 1
        loader = frame.f_globals.get('__loader__')
        module_name = frame.f_globals.get('__name__')
        pre_context, context_line, post_context = get_lines_from_file(abs_path, lineno, 3, loader, module_name)

        # Try to pull a relative file path
        # This changes /foo/site-packages/baz/bar.py into baz/bar.py
        try:
            base_filename = sys.modules[module_name.split('.', 1)[0]].__file__
            filename = abs_path.split(base_filename.rsplit('/', 2)[0], 1)[-1][1:]
        except:
            filename = abs_path

        if context_line:
            results.append({
                'abs_path': abs_path,
                'filename': filename or abs_path,
                'module': module_name,
                'function': function,
                'lineno': lineno + 1,
                # TODO: vars need to be references
                'vars': transform(frame.f_locals),
                'pre_context': pre_context,
                'context_line': context_line,
                'post_context': post_context,
            })
    return results

    def test_bad_string(self):
        x = "The following character causes problems: \xd4"

        result = transform(x)
        self.assertEquals(result, "<type 'str'>")

    def test_bad_string(self):
        x = 'The following character causes problems: \xd4'

        result = transform(x)
        self.assertEquals(type(result), str)
        self.assertEquals(result, '<type \'str\'>')

    def test_correct_unicode(self):
        x = 'רונית מגן'.decode('utf-8')

        result = transform(x)
        self.assertEquals(type(result), unicode)
        self.assertEquals(result, x)

    def test_incorrect_unicode(self):
        x = 'רונית מגן'

        result = transform(x)
        self.assertEquals(type(result), str)
        self.assertEquals(result, 'רונית מגן')

#.........这里部分代码省略.........
        :param extra: a dictionary of additional standard metadata
        :param culprit: a string representing the cause of this event (generally a path to a function)
        :return: a 32-length string identifying this event
        """
        if data is None:
            data = {}
        if extra is None:
            extra = {}
        if not date:
            date = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
        if stack is None:
            stack = self.auto_log_stacks

        if '.' not in event_type:
            # Assume it's a builtin
            event_type = 'raven.events.%s' % event_type

        handler = self.get_handler(event_type)
        result = handler.capture(**kwargs)

        # data (explicit) culprit takes over auto event detection
        culprit = result.pop('culprit', None)
        if data.get('culprit'):
            culprit = data['culprit']

        for k, v in result.iteritems():
            if k not in data:
                data[k] = v

        if stack and 'sentry.interfaces.Stacktrace' not in data:
            if stack is True:
                frames = iter_stack_frames()

            else:
                frames = stack

            data.update({
                'sentry.interfaces.Stacktrace': {
                    'frames': varmap(lambda k, v: shorten(v,
                        string_length=self.string_max_length, list_length=self.list_max_length),
                    get_stack_info(frames))
                },
            })

        if 'sentry.interfaces.Stacktrace' in data and not culprit:
            culprit = get_culprit(data['sentry.interfaces.Stacktrace']['frames'], self.include_paths, self.exclude_paths)

        if not data.get('level'):
            data['level'] = logging.ERROR
        data['modules'] = get_versions(self.include_paths)
        data['server_name'] = self.name
        data.setdefault('extra', {})
        data.setdefault('level', logging.ERROR)

        # Shorten lists/strings
        for k, v in extra.iteritems():
            data['extra'][k] = shorten(v, string_length=self.string_max_length, list_length=self.list_max_length)

        if culprit:
            data['culprit'] = culprit

        if 'checksum' not in data:
            checksum_bits = handler.get_hash(data)
        else:
            checksum_bits = data['checksum']

        if isinstance(checksum_bits, (list, tuple)):
            checksum = hashlib.md5()
            for bit in checksum_bits:
                checksum.update(to_string(bit))
            checksum = checksum.hexdigest()
        else:
            checksum = checksum_bits

        data['checksum'] = checksum

        # create ID client-side so that it can be passed to application
        event_id = uuid.uuid4().hex

        # Run the data through processors
        for processor in self.get_processors():
            data.update(processor.process(data))

        # Make sure all data is coerced
        data = transform(data)

        if 'message' not in data:
            data['message'] = handler.to_string(data)

        data.update({
            'timestamp': date,
            'time_spent': time_spent,
            'event_id': event_id,
        })
        data.setdefault('project', self.project)
        data.setdefault('site', self.site)

        self.send(**data)

        return (event_id, checksum)