// Instantiate random number generator using system-supplied value as seed.
var rand = new Random();

// Generate and display 5 random byte (integer) values.
var bytes = new byte[5];
rand.NextBytes(bytes);
Console.WriteLine("Five random byte values:");
foreach (byte byteValue in bytes)
    Console.Write("{0, 5}", byteValue);
Console.WriteLine();   

// Generate and display 5 random integers.
Console.WriteLine("Five random integer values:");
for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= 4; ctr++)
    Console.Write("{0,15:N0}", rand.Next());
Console.WriteLine();

// Generate and display 5 random integers between 0 and 100.
Console.WriteLine("Five random integers between 0 and 100:");
for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= 4; ctr++)
    Console.Write("{0,8:N0}", rand.Next(101));
Console.WriteLine();

// Generate and display 5 random integers from 50 to 100.
Console.WriteLine("Five random integers between 50 and 100:");
for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= 4; ctr++)
    Console.Write("{0,8:N0}", rand.Next(50, 101));
Console.WriteLine();

// Generate and display 5 random floating point values from 0 to 1.
Console.WriteLine("Five Doubles.");
for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= 4; ctr++)
    Console.Write("{0,8:N3}", rand.NextDouble());
Console.WriteLine();

// Generate and display 5 random floating point values from 0 to 5.
Console.WriteLine("Five Doubles between 0 and 5.");
for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= 4; ctr++)
    Console.Write("{0,8:N3}", rand.NextDouble() * 5);

Random rnd = new Random();
string[] malePetNames = { "Rufus", "Bear", "Dakota", "Fido", 
                          "Vanya", "Samuel", "Koani", "Volodya", 
                          "Prince", "Yiska" };
string[] femalePetNames = { "Maggie", "Penny", "Saya", "Princess", 
                            "Abby", "Laila", "Sadie", "Olivia", 
                            "Starlight", "Talla" };                                      

// Generate random indexes for pet names.
int mIndex = rnd.Next(malePetNames.Length);
int fIndex = rnd.Next(femalePetNames.Length);

// Display the result.
Console.WriteLine("Suggested pet name of the day: ");
Console.WriteLine("   For a male:     {0}", malePetNames[mIndex]);
Console.WriteLine("   For a female:   {0}", femalePetNames[fIndex]);

byte[] bytes1 = new byte[100];
byte[] bytes2 = new byte[100];
Random rnd1 = new Random();
Random rnd2 = new Random();

rnd1.NextBytes(bytes1);
rnd2.NextBytes(bytes2);

Console.WriteLine("First Series:");
for (int ctr = bytes1.GetLowerBound(0); 
     ctr <= bytes1.GetUpperBound(0); 
     ctr++) { 
   Console.Write("{0, 5}", bytes1[ctr]);
   if ((ctr + 1) % 10 == 0) Console.WriteLine();
} 

Console.WriteLine();

Console.WriteLine("Second Series:");        
for (int ctr = bytes2.GetLowerBound(0);
     ctr <= bytes2.GetUpperBound(0);
     ctr++) {
   Console.Write("{0, 5}", bytes2[ctr]);
   if ((ctr + 1) % 10 == 0) Console.WriteLine();
}

//引入命名空间
using System;
using System.Threading;

public class Example
{
   [ThreadStatic] static double previous = 0.0;
   [ThreadStatic] static int perThreadCtr = 0;
   [ThreadStatic] static double perThreadTotal = 0.0;  
   static CancellationTokenSource source;
   static CountdownEvent countdown; 
   static Object randLock, numericLock;
   static Random rand;
   double totalValue = 0.0;
   int totalCount = 0;
   
   public Example()
   { 
      rand = new Random();
      randLock = new Object();
      numericLock = new Object();
      countdown = new CountdownEvent(1);
      source = new CancellationTokenSource();
   } 

   public static void Main()
   {
      Example ex = new Example();
      Thread.CurrentThread.Name = "Main";
      ex.Execute();
   }

   private void Execute()
   {   
      CancellationToken token = source.Token; 

      for (int threads = 1; threads <= 10; threads++)
      {
         Thread newThread = new Thread(this.GetRandomNumbers);
         newThread.Name = threads.ToString();
         newThread.Start(token);
      }
      this.GetRandomNumbers(token);
      
      countdown.Signal();
      // Make sure all threads have finished.
      countdown.Wait();
      source.Dispose();

      Console.WriteLine("\nTotal random numbers generated: {0:N0}", totalCount);
      Console.WriteLine("Total sum of all random numbers: {0:N2}", totalValue);
      Console.WriteLine("Random number mean: {0:N4}", totalValue/totalCount);
   }

   private void GetRandomNumbers(Object o)
   {
      CancellationToken token = (CancellationToken) o;
      double result = 0.0;
      countdown.AddCount(1);
         
      try { 
         for (int ctr = 0; ctr < 2000000; ctr++)
         {
            // Make sure there's no corruption of Random.
            token.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();

            lock (randLock) {
               result = rand.NextDouble();
            }
            // Check for corruption of Random instance.
            if ((result == previous) && result == 0) {
               source.Cancel();
            }
            else {
               previous = result;
            }
            perThreadCtr++;
            perThreadTotal += result;
         }      
       
         Console.WriteLine("Thread {0} finished execution.", 
                           Thread.CurrentThread.Name);
         Console.WriteLine("Random numbers generated: {0:N0}", perThreadCtr);
         Console.WriteLine("Sum of random numbers: {0:N2}", perThreadTotal);
         Console.WriteLine("Random number mean: {0:N4}\n", perThreadTotal/perThreadCtr);

         // Update overall totals.
         lock (numericLock) {
            totalCount += perThreadCtr;
            totalValue += perThreadTotal;  
         }
      }
      catch (OperationCanceledException e) {
         Console.WriteLine("Corruption in Thread {1}", e.GetType().Name, Thread.CurrentThread.Name);
      }
      finally {
         countdown.Signal();        
      }
   }
}

//引入命名空间
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class Example
{
   static Object randLock, numericLock;
   static Random rand;
   static CancellationTokenSource source;
   double totalValue = 0.0;
   int totalCount = 0;
   
   public Example()
   { 
      rand = new Random();
      randLock = new Object();
      numericLock = new Object();
      source = new CancellationTokenSource();
   } 

   public static async Task Main()
   {
      Example ex = new Example();
      Thread.CurrentThread.Name = "Main";
      await ex.Execute();
   }

   private Task Execute()
   {   
      List<Task> tasks = new List<Task>();
      
      for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= 10; ctr++)
      {
         CancellationToken token = source.Token; 
         int taskNo = ctr;
         tasks.Add(Task.Run( () =>
            {
               double previous = 0.0;
               int taskCtr = 0;
               double taskTotal = 0.0;  
               double result = 0.0;
                               
               for (int n = 0; n < 2000000; n++)
               {
                  // Make sure there's no corruption of Random.
                  token.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();

                  lock (randLock) {
                     result = rand.NextDouble();
                  }
                  // Check for corruption of Random instance.
                  if ((result == previous) && result == 0) {
                     source.Cancel();
                  }
                  else {
                     previous = result;
                  }
                  taskCtr++;
                  taskTotal += result;
               }

               // Show result.
               Console.WriteLine("Task {0} finished execution.", taskNo);
               Console.WriteLine("Random numbers generated: {0:N0}", taskCtr);
               Console.WriteLine("Sum of random numbers: {0:N2}", taskTotal);
               Console.WriteLine("Random number mean: {0:N4}\n", taskTotal/taskCtr);
         
               // Update overall totals.
               lock (numericLock) {
                  totalCount += taskCtr;
                  totalValue += taskTotal;  
               }
            }, 
         token));
      }
      try {
         await Task.WhenAll(tasks.ToArray());
         Console.WriteLine("\nTotal random numbers generated: {0:N0}", totalCount);
         Console.WriteLine("Total sum of all random numbers: {0:N2}", totalValue);
         Console.WriteLine("Random number mean: {0:N4}", totalValue/totalCount);
      }
      catch (AggregateException e) {
         foreach (Exception inner in e.InnerExceptions) {
            TaskCanceledException canc = inner as TaskCanceledException;
            if (canc != null)
               Console.WriteLine("Task #{0} cancelled.", canc.Task.Id);
            else
               Console.WriteLine("Exception: {0}", inner.GetType().Name);
         }         
      }
      finally {
         source.Dispose();
      }
   }
}

Random rnd = new Random();
Byte[] bytes = new Byte[20];
rnd.NextBytes(bytes);  
for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= bytes.Length; ctr++) {
   Console.Write("{0,3}   ", bytes[ctr - 1]);
   if (ctr % 10 == 0) Console.WriteLine();
}

Random rnd = new Random();
for (int ctr = 0; ctr < 10; ctr++) {
   Console.Write("{0,3}   ", rnd.Next(-10, 11));
}

Random rnd = new Random();
for (int ctr = 0; ctr < 10; ctr++) {
   Console.Write("{0,-19:R}   ", rnd.NextDouble());
   if ((ctr + 1) % 3 == 0) Console.WriteLine();
}

//引入命名空间
using System;
using System.Threading;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      Console.WriteLine("Instantiating two random number generators...");
      Random rnd1 = new Random();
      Thread.Sleep(2000);
      Random rnd2 = new Random();
      
      Console.WriteLine("\nThe first random number generator:");
      for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 10; ctr++)
         Console.WriteLine("   {0}", rnd1.Next());

      Console.WriteLine("\nThe second random number generator:");
      for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 10; ctr++)
         Console.WriteLine("   {0}", rnd2.Next());
   }
}

Random rnd = new Random();
for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 15; ctr++) {
   Console.Write("{0,3}    ", rnd.Next(-10, 11));
   if(ctr % 5 == 0) Console.WriteLine();
}

Random rnd = new Random();
for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 50; ctr++) {
   Console.Write("{0,3}    ", rnd.Next(1000, 10000));
   if(ctr % 10 == 0) Console.WriteLine();
}

Random rnd = new Random();
for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 10; ctr++)
   Console.WriteLine(rnd.NextDouble() - 1);

const long ONE_TENTH = 922337203685477581;

Random rnd = new Random();
double number;
int[] count = new int[10];

// Generate 20 million integer values between.
for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 20000000; ctr++) {
   number = rnd.NextDouble() * Int64.MaxValue;
   // Categorize random numbers into 10 groups.
   count[(int) (number / ONE_TENTH)]++;
}
// Display breakdown by range.
Console.WriteLine("{0,28} {1,32}   {2,7}\n", "Range", "Count", "Pct.");
for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= 9; ctr++)
   Console.WriteLine("{0,25:N0}-{1,25:N0}  {2,8:N0}   {3,7:P2}", ctr * ONE_TENTH,
                      ctr < 9 ? ctr * ONE_TENTH + ONE_TENTH - 1 : Int64.MaxValue, 
                      count[ctr], count[ctr]/20000000.0);

Random rnd = new Random();
int lowerBound = 10;
int upperBound = 11;
int[] range = new int[10];
for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 1000000; ctr++) {
   Double value = rnd.NextDouble() * (upperBound - lowerBound) + lowerBound;
   range[(int) Math.Truncate((value - lowerBound) * 10)]++; 
}

for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= 9; ctr++) {
   Double lowerRange = 10 + ctr * .1;
   Console.WriteLine("{0:N1} to {1:N1}: {2,8:N0}  ({3,7:P2})", 
                     lowerRange, lowerRange + .1, range[ctr], 
                     range[ctr] / 1000000.0);
}

//引入命名空间
using System;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      // Instantiate the Boolean generator.
      BooleanGenerator boolGen = new BooleanGenerator();
      int totalTrue = 0, totalFalse = 0;
      
      // Generate 1,0000 random Booleans, and keep a running total.
      for (int ctr = 0; ctr < 1000000; ctr++) {
          bool value = boolGen.NextBoolean();
          if (value)
             totalTrue++;
          else
             totalFalse++;
      }
      Console.WriteLine("Number of true values:  {0,7:N0} ({1:P3})", 
                        totalTrue, 
                        ((double) totalTrue)/(totalTrue + totalFalse));
      Console.WriteLine("Number of false values: {0,7:N0} ({1:P3})", 
                        totalFalse, 
                        ((double) totalFalse)/(totalTrue + totalFalse));
   }
}

public class BooleanGenerator
{
   Random rnd;
   
   public BooleanGenerator()
   {
      rnd = new Random();
   }

   public bool NextBoolean()
   {
      return Convert.ToBoolean(rnd.Next(0, 2));
   }
}

Random rnd = new Random();

int totalTrue = 0, totalFalse = 0;

// Generate 1,000,000 random Booleans, and keep a running total.
for (int ctr = 0; ctr < 1000000; ctr++) {
    bool value = NextBoolean();
    if (value)
       totalTrue++;
    else
       totalFalse++;
}
Console.WriteLine("Number of true values:  {0,7:N0} ({1:P3})", 
                  totalTrue, 
                  ((double) totalTrue)/(totalTrue + totalFalse));
Console.WriteLine("Number of false values: {0,7:N0} ({1:P3})", 
                  totalFalse, 
                  ((double) totalFalse)/(totalTrue + totalFalse));

bool NextBoolean()
{
   return Convert.ToBoolean(rnd.Next(0, 2));
}

const long ONE_TENTH = 922337203685477581;

Random rnd = new Random();
long number;
int[] count = new int[10];

// Generate 20 million long integers.
for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 20000000; ctr++) {
   number = (long) (rnd.NextDouble() * Int64.MaxValue);
   // Categorize random numbers.
   count[(int) (number / ONE_TENTH)]++;
}
// Display breakdown by range.
Console.WriteLine("{0,28} {1,32}   {2,7}\n", "Range", "Count", "Pct.");
for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= 9; ctr++)
   Console.WriteLine("{0,25:N0}-{1,25:N0}  {2,8:N0}   {3,7:P2}", ctr * ONE_TENTH,
                      ctr < 9 ? ctr * ONE_TENTH + ONE_TENTH - 1 : Int64.MaxValue, 
                      count[ctr], count[ctr]/20000000.0);

//引入命名空间
using System;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
       Random2 rnd = new Random2();
       Byte[] bytes = new Byte[10000];
       int[] total = new int[101];
       rnd.NextBytes(bytes, 0, 101);
       
       // Calculate how many of each value we have.
       foreach (var value in bytes)
          total[value]++;
       
       // Display the results.
       for (int ctr = 0; ctr < total.Length; ctr++) {
           Console.Write("{0,3}: {1,-3}   ", ctr, total[ctr]);
           if ((ctr + 1) % 5 == 0) Console.WriteLine();
       }   
   }
}

public class Random2 : Random
{
   public Random2() : base()
   {}

   public Random2(int seed) : base(seed)
   {}

   public void NextBytes(byte[] bytes, byte minValue, byte maxValue)
   {
      for (int ctr = bytes.GetLowerBound(0); ctr <= bytes.GetUpperBound(0); ctr++)
         bytes[ctr] = (byte) Next(minValue, maxValue);
   }
}

String[] cities = { "Atlanta", "Boston", "Chicago", "Detroit", 
                    "Fort Wayne", "Greensboro", "Honolulu", "Indianapolis", 
                    "Jersey City", "Kansas City", "Los Angeles", 
                    "Milwaukee", "New York", "Omaha", "Philadelphia", 
                    "Raleigh", "San Francisco", "Tulsa", "Washington" };
Random rnd = new Random();
int index = rnd.Next(0, cities.Length);
Console.WriteLine("Today's city of the day: {0}",
                  cities[index]);

//引入命名空间
using System;

// A class that represents an individual card in a playing deck.
public class Card
{
   public Suit Suit; 
   public FaceValue FaceValue;
   
   public override String ToString() 
   {
      return String.Format("{0:F} of {1:F}", this.FaceValue, this.Suit);
   }
}

public enum Suit { Hearts, Diamonds, Spades, Clubs };

public enum FaceValue  { Ace = 1, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six,
                         Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten, Jack, Queen,
                         King };

public class Dealer
{
   Random rnd;
   // A deck of cards, without Jokers.
   Card[] deck = new Card[52];
   // Parallel array for sorting cards.
   Double[] order = new Double[52];
   // A pointer to the next card to deal.
   int ptr = 0;
   // A flag to indicate the deck is used.
   bool mustReshuffle = false;
   
   public Dealer()
   {
      rnd = new Random();
      // Initialize the deck.
      int deckCtr = 0;
      foreach (var suit in Enum.GetValues(typeof(Suit))) {
         foreach (var faceValue in Enum.GetValues(typeof(FaceValue))) { 
            Card card = new Card();
            card.Suit = (Suit) suit;
            card.FaceValue = (FaceValue) faceValue;
            deck[deckCtr] = card;  
            deckCtr++;
         }
      }
      
      for (int ctr = 0; ctr < order.Length; ctr++)
         order[ctr] = rnd.NextDouble();   

      Array.Sort(order, deck);
   }

   public Card[] Deal(int numberToDeal)
   {
      if (mustReshuffle) {
         Console.WriteLine("There are no cards left in the deck");
         return null;
      }
      
      Card[] cardsDealt = new Card[numberToDeal];
      for (int ctr = 0; ctr < numberToDeal; ctr++) {
         cardsDealt[ctr] = deck[ptr];
         ptr++;
         if (ptr == deck.Length) 
            mustReshuffle = true;

         if (mustReshuffle & ctr < numberToDeal - 1) {
            Console.WriteLine("Can only deal the {0} cards remaining on the deck.", 
                              ctr + 1);
            return cardsDealt;
         }
      }
      return cardsDealt;
   }
}

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      Dealer dealer = new Dealer();
      ShowCards(dealer.Deal(20));
   }
   
   private static void ShowCards(Card[] cards)
   {
      foreach (var card in cards)
         if (card != null)
            Console.WriteLine("{0} of {1}", card.FaceValue, card.Suit);
   }
}