internal ReflectedAsyncActionDescriptor(MethodInfo asyncMethodInfo, MethodInfo completedMethodInfo, string actionName, ControllerDescriptor controllerDescriptor, bool validateMethods) {
            if (asyncMethodInfo == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("asyncMethodInfo");
            }
            if (completedMethodInfo == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("completedMethodInfo");
            }
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(actionName)) {
                throw Error.ParameterCannotBeNullOrEmpty("actionName");
            }
            if (controllerDescriptor == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("controllerDescriptor");
            }

            if (validateMethods) {
                string asyncFailedMessage = VerifyActionMethodIsCallable(asyncMethodInfo);
                if (asyncFailedMessage != null) {
                    throw new ArgumentException(asyncFailedMessage, "asyncMethodInfo");
                }

                string completedFailedMessage = VerifyActionMethodIsCallable(completedMethodInfo);
                if (completedFailedMessage != null) {
                    throw new ArgumentException(completedFailedMessage, "completedMethodInfo");
                }
            }

            AsyncMethodInfo = asyncMethodInfo;
            CompletedMethodInfo = completedMethodInfo;
            _actionName = actionName;
            _controllerDescriptor = controllerDescriptor;
            _uniqueId = new Lazy<string>(CreateUniqueId);
        }

        static TestingContext()
        {
            _library = new Lazy<FixtureLibrary>(() =>
            {
                try
                {
                    var fixture = new SentenceFixture();
                    var library = FixtureLibrary.CreateForAppDomain(new GrammarSystem().Start());

                    // Need to force it to use this one instead of the FactFixture in the samples project
                    var factFixture = new StoryTeller.Testing.EndToEndExecution.FactFixture();
                    library.Models["Fact"] = factFixture.Compile(CellHandling.Basic());
                    library.Fixtures["Fact"] = factFixture;

                    return library;
                }
                catch (Exception e)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(e.ToString());
                    throw;
                }
            });


        }

        public PartPresenter(PartPresenterView view, IUnityContainer container)
        {
            _container = container;
            View = view;
            View.DataContext = this;
            _regionManager = new RegionManager();
            RegionManager.SetRegionManager(View, _regionManager);

            _addPartCommand = new Lazy<DelegateCommand<object>>(() => new DelegateCommand<object>(AddPartExecuted));
            Action<int> add = (i) =>
            {
                var region = _regionManager.Regions["Page1Content" + i];
                if (region.Views.Count() == 0)
                {
                    var partView = _container.Resolve<PartView>();

                    region.Add(partView);
                    region.Activate(partView);

                }
            };

            add(1);
            add(2);
            add(3);
        }

        public ConstructorMap(ConstructorInfo ctor, IEnumerable<ConstructorParameterMap> ctorParams)
        {
            Ctor = ctor;
            CtorParams = ctorParams;

            _runtimeCtor = new Lazy<LateBoundParamsCtor>(() => DelegateFactory.CreateCtor(ctor, CtorParams));
        }

 public CrawledPage(Uri uri)
     : base(uri)
 {
     _htmlDocument = new Lazy<HtmlDocument>(() => InitializeHtmlAgilityPackDocument() );
     _csQueryDocument = new Lazy<CQ>(() => InitializeCsQueryDocument());
     Content = new PageContent();
 }

        private void RegisterHubExtensions()
        {
            var methodDescriptorProvider = new Lazy<ReflectedMethodDescriptorProvider>();
            Register(typeof(IMethodDescriptorProvider), () => methodDescriptorProvider.Value);

            var hubDescriptorProvider = new Lazy<ReflectedHubDescriptorProvider>(() => new ReflectedHubDescriptorProvider(this));
            Register(typeof(IHubDescriptorProvider), () => hubDescriptorProvider.Value);

            var parameterBinder = new Lazy<DefaultParameterResolver>();
            Register(typeof(IParameterResolver), () => parameterBinder.Value);

            var activator = new Lazy<DefaultHubActivator>(() => new DefaultHubActivator(this));
            Register(typeof(IHubActivator), () => activator.Value);

            var hubManager = new Lazy<DefaultHubManager>(() => new DefaultHubManager(this));
            Register(typeof(IHubManager), () => hubManager.Value);

            var proxyGenerator = new Lazy<DefaultJavaScriptProxyGenerator>(() => new DefaultJavaScriptProxyGenerator(this));
            Register(typeof(IJavaScriptProxyGenerator), () => proxyGenerator.Value);

            var requestParser = new Lazy<HubRequestParser>();
            Register(typeof(IHubRequestParser), () => requestParser.Value);

            var assemblyLocator = new Lazy<DefaultAssemblyLocator>(() => new DefaultAssemblyLocator());
            Register(typeof(IAssemblyLocator), () => assemblyLocator.Value);

            // Setup the default hub pipeline
            var dispatcher = new Lazy<IHubPipeline>(() => new HubPipeline().AddModule(new AuthorizeModule()));
            Register(typeof(IHubPipeline), () => dispatcher.Value);
            Register(typeof(IHubPipelineInvoker), () => dispatcher.Value);
        }

        public ProductionQueueFromSelection(World world, ProductionQueueFromSelectionInfo info)
        {
            this.world = world;

            tabsWidget = new Lazy<ProductionTabsWidget>(() =>
                Widget.RootWidget.GetWidget<ProductionTabsWidget>(info.ProductionTabsWidget));
        }

 /// <summary>
 /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ApplicationVersionContextInitializer" /> class.
 /// </summary>
 /// <param name="applicationVersion">The application version. If null, calculated from <see cref="Assembly.GetEntryAssembly"/>.</param>
 public ApplicationVersionContextInitializer(string applicationVersion = null)
 {
     _applicationVersion = new Lazy<string>(() =>
         String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(applicationVersion)
             ? (Assembly.GetEntryAssembly()?.ToString() ?? Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().ToString())
             : applicationVersion);
 }

        public Chapter()
        {
            pagesUrl = new Lazy<IEnumerable<Page>>(() =>
            {
                var content = Utility.GetContent(Uri);

                HtmlDocument doc = new HtmlDocument();
                doc.LoadHtml(content);
                List<Page> pages = new List<Page>();

                doc.DocumentNode
                    .SelectNodes("//select[@id=\"pageMenu\"]//option")
                    .ToList()
                    .ForEach(p =>
                    {
                        Page page = new Page
                        {
                            ChapterName = Title,
                            ChapterNumber = Number,
                            PageNumber = Convert.ToInt32(p.NextSibling.InnerText),
                            Uri = MangaPanda.BaseUrl + p.Attributes["value"].Value
                        };

                        pages.Add(page);
                    });

                return pages;
            });
        }

        public AbpNHibernateInterceptor(IIocManager iocManager)
        {
            _iocManager = iocManager;

            _abpSession =
                new Lazy<IAbpSession>(
                    () => _iocManager.IsRegistered(typeof(IAbpSession))
                        ? _iocManager.Resolve<IAbpSession>()
                        : NullAbpSession.Instance,
                    isThreadSafe: true
                    );
            _guidGenerator =
                new Lazy<IGuidGenerator>(
                    () => _iocManager.IsRegistered(typeof(IGuidGenerator))
                        ? _iocManager.Resolve<IGuidGenerator>()
                        : SequentialGuidGenerator.Instance,
                    isThreadSafe: true
                    );

            _eventBus =
                new Lazy<IEventBus>(
                    () => _iocManager.IsRegistered(typeof(IEventBus))
                        ? _iocManager.Resolve<IEventBus>()
                        : NullEventBus.Instance,
                    isThreadSafe: true
                );
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Use Redis as the messaging backplane for scaling out of ASP.NET SignalR applications in a web farm.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="resolver">The dependency resolver</param>
        /// <param name="configuration">The Redis scale-out configuration options.</param> 
        /// <returns>The dependency resolver.</returns>
        public static IDependencyResolver UseRedis(this IDependencyResolver resolver, RedisScaleoutConfiguration configuration)
        {
            var bus = new Lazy<RedisMessageBus>(() => new RedisMessageBus(resolver, configuration, new RedisConnection()));
            resolver.Register(typeof(IMessageBus), () => bus.Value);

            return resolver;
        }

        public WebWorkContext(Func<string, ICacheManager> cacheManager,
            HttpContextBase httpContext,
            ICustomerService customerService,
			IStoreContext storeContext,
            IAuthenticationService authenticationService,
            ILanguageService languageService,
            ICurrencyService currencyService,
			IGenericAttributeService attrService,
            TaxSettings taxSettings, CurrencySettings currencySettings,
            LocalizationSettings localizationSettings, Lazy<ITaxService> taxService,
            IStoreService storeService, ISettingService settingService,
			IUserAgent userAgent)
        {
            this._cacheManager = cacheManager("static");
            this._httpContext = httpContext;
            this._customerService = customerService;
            this._storeContext = storeContext;
            this._authenticationService = authenticationService;
            this._languageService = languageService;
            this._attrService = attrService;
            this._currencyService = currencyService;
            this._taxSettings = taxSettings;
            this._taxService = taxService;
            this._currencySettings = currencySettings;
            this._localizationSettings = localizationSettings;
            this._storeService = storeService;
            this._settingService = settingService;
            this._userAgent = userAgent;
        }

		private static void ExecuteCommand(CommandType command, DirectoryInfo baseDirectory, Lazy<Uri> url, string userName, string password) 
		{
			var engine = Engine.CreateStandard(baseDirectory);
			switch (command)
			{
				case CommandType.Help:
					break;
				case CommandType.Generate:
					var generatedDocuments = engine.Generate();
					foreach (var generatedDocument in generatedDocuments)
					{
						System.Console.WriteLine(generatedDocument);
						System.Console.WriteLine();
					}
					break;
				case CommandType.Check:
					var haveChanged =
						engine.CheckIfChanged(url.Value, userName, password);
					System.Console.WriteLine(haveChanged? "Changed": "Have not changed");
					break;
				case CommandType.Push:
					engine.PushIfChanged(url.Value, userName, password);
					break;
				case CommandType.Purge:
					engine.PurgeDatabase(url.Value, userName, password);
					break;
				default:
					throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
			}
		}

        public ProductionPaletteWidget([ObjectCreator.Param] World world,
		                               [ObjectCreator.Param] WorldRenderer worldRenderer)
        {
            this.world = world;
            this.worldRenderer = worldRenderer;
            tooltipContainer = new Lazy<TooltipContainerWidget>(() =>
                Widget.RootWidget.GetWidget<TooltipContainerWidget>(TooltipContainer));

            cantBuild = new Animation("clock");
            cantBuild.PlayFetchIndex("idle", () => 0);
            clock = new Animation("clock");

            iconSprites = Rules.Info.Values
                .Where(u => u.Traits.Contains<BuildableInfo>() && u.Name[0] != '^')
                .ToDictionary(
                    u => u.Name,
                    u => Game.modData.SpriteLoader.LoadAllSprites(
                        u.Traits.Get<TooltipInfo>().Icon ?? (u.Name + "icon"))[0]);

            overlayFont = Game.Renderer.Fonts["TinyBold"];
            holdOffset = new float2(32,24) - overlayFont.Measure("On Hold") / 2;
            readyOffset = new float2(32,24) - overlayFont.Measure("Ready") / 2;
            timeOffset = new float2(32,24) - overlayFont.Measure(WidgetUtils.FormatTime(0)) / 2;
            queuedOffset = new float2(4,2);
        }

 public ConfigSource(FubuRegistry provenance, IConfigurationAction action)
 {
     _provenance = provenance;
     _action = action;
     Id = Guid.NewGuid();
     _description = new Lazy<Description>(() => Description.For(action));
 }

        public CncWorldInteractionControllerWidget([ObjectCreator.Param] World world,
		                                           [ObjectCreator.Param] WorldRenderer worldRenderer)
            : base(world, worldRenderer)
        {
            tooltipContainer = new Lazy<TooltipContainerWidget>(() =>
                Widget.RootWidget.GetWidget<TooltipContainerWidget>(TooltipContainer));
        }

        public FileSystemCompletionHelper(
            CompletionListProvider completionProvider,
            TextSpan textChangeSpan,
            ICurrentWorkingDirectoryDiscoveryService fileSystemDiscoveryService,
            Glyph folderGlyph,
            Glyph fileGlyph,
            ImmutableArray<string> searchPaths,
            IEnumerable<string> allowableExtensions,
            Func<string, bool> exclude = null,
            CompletionItemRules itemRules = null)
        {
            Debug.Assert(searchPaths.All(path => PathUtilities.IsAbsolute(path)));

            _completionProvider = completionProvider;
            _textChangeSpan = textChangeSpan;
            _searchPaths = searchPaths;
            _allowableExtensions = allowableExtensions.Select(e => e.ToLowerInvariant()).ToSet();
            _fileSystemDiscoveryService = fileSystemDiscoveryService;
            _folderGlyph = folderGlyph;
            _fileGlyph = fileGlyph;
            _exclude = exclude;
            _itemRules = itemRules;

            _lazyGetDrives = new Lazy<string[]>(() =>
                IOUtilities.PerformIO(Directory.GetLogicalDrives, SpecializedCollections.EmptyArray<string>()));
        }

		DnSpyLoaderManager(IImageManager imageManager, IThemeManager themeManager, ISettingsManager settingsManager, [ImportMany] IEnumerable<Lazy<IDnSpyLoader, IDnSpyLoaderMetadata>> mefLoaders) {
			this.imageManager = imageManager;
			this.themeManager = themeManager;
			this.settingsManager = settingsManager;
			this.loaders = mefLoaders.OrderBy(a => a.Metadata.Order).ToArray();
			this.windowLoader = new WindowLoader(this, imageManager, themeManager, settingsManager, loaders);
		}

        public AutoroutePartHandler(
            IRepository<AutoroutePartRecord> autoroutePartRepository,
            Lazy<IAutorouteService> autorouteService,
            IOrchardServices orchardServices) {

            Filters.Add(StorageFilter.For(autoroutePartRepository));
            _autorouteService = autorouteService;
            _orchardServices = orchardServices;

            OnUpdated<AutoroutePart>((ctx, part) => CreateAlias(part));

            OnCreated<AutoroutePart>((ctx, part) => {
                // non-draftable items
                if (part.ContentItem.VersionRecord == null) {
                    PublishAlias(part);
                }
            });

            // OnVersioned<AutoroutePart>((ctx, part1, part2) => CreateAlias(part1));

            OnPublished<AutoroutePart>((ctx, part) => PublishAlias(part));

            // Remove alias if removed or unpublished
            OnRemoved<AutoroutePart>((ctx, part) => RemoveAlias(part));
            OnUnpublished<AutoroutePart>((ctx, part) => RemoveAlias(part));

            // Register alias as identity
            OnGetContentItemMetadata<AutoroutePart>((ctx, part) => {
                if (part.DisplayAlias != null)
                    ctx.Metadata.Identity.Add("alias", part.DisplayAlias);
            });
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Constructor
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="settings"></param>
        /// <param name="mapPath">A delegate method used to perform a Server.MapPath operation</param>
        public DefaultPackageContext(RebelSettings settings, Func<string, string> mapPath)
        {
            _settings = settings;

            _pluginInstallFolderPath = mapPath(_settings.PluginConfig.PluginsPath + "/Packages");
            _localPackageRepoFolderPath = mapPath(_settings.RebelFolders.LocalPackageRepositoryFolder);

            //create lazy instances of each
            _localPackageRepository = new Lazy<IPackageRepository>(
                () =>
                    {
                        //create a new path resolver with false as 'useSideBySidePaths' so that it doesn't install with version numbers.
                        var packageFileSys = new PhysicalFileSystem(_localPackageRepoFolderPath);
                        var packagePathResolver = new DefaultPackagePathResolver(packageFileSys, false);
                        return new LocalPackageRepository(packagePathResolver, packageFileSys, true);
                    });

            _localPackageManager = new Lazy<IPackageManager>(
                () =>
                    {
                        //create a new path resolver with false as 'useSideBySidePaths' so that it doesn't install with version numbers.
                        var packageFileSys = new PhysicalFileSystem(_pluginInstallFolderPath);
                        var packagePathResolver = new DefaultPackagePathResolver(packageFileSys, false);
                        return new PackageManager(_localPackageRepository.Value, packagePathResolver, packageFileSys);
                    });
            
            // Public packages
            _publicPackageRepository = new Lazy<IPackageRepository>(
                () => PackageRepositoryFactory.Default.CreateRepository(_settings.PublicPackageRepository.RepositoryAddress));
            
            _publicPackageManager = new Lazy<IPackageManager>(
                () => new PackageManager(_publicPackageRepository.Value, mapPath(_settings.PluginConfig.PluginsPath + "/Packages")));

        }