func TestLists_NonNullListOfNonNullArrayOfFunc_ContainsNulls(t *testing.T) {
	ttype := graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.NewList(graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.Int)))

	// `data` is a slice of functions that return values
	// Note that its uses the expected signature `func() interface{} {...}`
	data := []interface{}{
		func() interface{} {
			return 1
		},
		func() interface{} {
			return nil
		},
		func() interface{} {
			return 2
		},
	}
	expected := &graphql.Result{
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"nest": map[string]interface{}{
				"test": []interface{}{
					1, nil, 2,
				},
			},
		},
	}
	checkList(t, ttype, data, expected)
}

func TestTypeSystem_DefinitionExample_ProhibitsNestingNonNullInsideNonNull(t *testing.T) {
	ttype := graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.Int))
	expected := `Can only create NonNull of a Nullable Type but got: Int!.`
	if ttype.GetError().Error() != expected {
		t.Fatalf(`expected %v , got: %v`, expected, ttype.GetError())
	}
}

func TestTypeSystem_DefinitionExample_StringifiesSimpleTypes(t *testing.T) {

	type Test struct {
		ttype    graphql.Type
		expected string
	}
	tests := []Test{
		Test{graphql.Int, "Int"},
		Test{blogArticle, "Article"},
		Test{interfaceType, "Interface"},
		Test{unionType, "Union"},
		Test{enumType, "Enum"},
		Test{inputObjectType, "InputObject"},
		Test{graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.Int), "Int!"},
		Test{graphql.NewList(graphql.Int), "[Int]"},
		Test{graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.NewList(graphql.Int)), "[Int]!"},
		Test{graphql.NewList(graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.Int)), "[Int!]"},
		Test{graphql.NewList(graphql.NewList(graphql.Int)), "[[Int]]"},
	}
	for _, test := range tests {
		ttypeStr := fmt.Sprintf("%v", test.ttype)
		if ttypeStr != test.expected {
			t.Fatalf(`expected %v , got: %v`, test.expected, ttypeStr)
		}
	}
}

func TestLists_NonNullListOfNonNullFunc_ReturnsNull(t *testing.T) {
	ttype := graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.NewList(graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.Int)))

	// `data` is a function that return values
	// Note that its uses the expected signature `func() interface{} {...}`
	data := func() interface{} {
		return nil
	}
	expected := &graphql.Result{
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"nest": nil,
		},
		Errors: []gqlerrors.FormattedError{
			gqlerrors.FormattedError{
				Message: "Cannot return null for non-nullable field DataType.test.",
				Locations: []location.SourceLocation{
					location.SourceLocation{
						Line:   1,
						Column: 10,
					},
				},
			},
		},
	}
	checkList(t, ttype, data, expected)
}

func TestTypeSystem_ObjectsMustAdhereToInterfaceTheyImplement_AcceptsAnObjectWithAnEquivalentlyModifiedInterfaceField(t *testing.T) {
	anotherInterface := graphql.NewInterface(graphql.InterfaceConfig{
		Name: "AnotherInterface",
		ResolveType: func(value interface{}, info graphql.ResolveInfo) *graphql.Object {
			return nil
		},
		Fields: graphql.FieldConfigMap{
			"field": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.NewList(graphql.String)),
			},
		},
	})
	anotherObject := graphql.NewObject(graphql.ObjectConfig{
		Name:       "AnotherObject",
		Interfaces: []*graphql.Interface{anotherInterface},
		Fields: graphql.FieldConfigMap{
			"field": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.NewList(graphql.String)),
			},
		},
	})
	_, err := schemaWithObjectFieldOfType(anotherObject)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf(`unexpected error: %v for type "%v"`, err, anotherObject)
	}
}

func withModifiers(ttypes []graphql.Type) []graphql.Type {
	res := ttypes
	for _, ttype := range ttypes {
		res = append(res, graphql.NewList(ttype))
	}
	for _, ttype := range ttypes {
		res = append(res, graphql.NewNonNull(ttype))
	}
	for _, ttype := range ttypes {
		res = append(res, graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.NewList(ttype)))
	}
	return res
}

func TestTypeSystem_NonNullMustAcceptGraphQLTypes_RejectsNilAsNonNullableType(t *testing.T) {
	result := graphql.NewNonNull(nil)
	expectedError := `Can only create NonNull of a Nullable Type but got: <nil>.`
	if result.GetError() == nil || result.GetError().Error() != expectedError {
		t.Fatalf("Expected error: %v, got %v", expectedError, result.GetError())
	}
}

func TestTypeSystem_DefinitionExample_IdentifiesOutputTypes(t *testing.T) {
	type Test struct {
		ttype    graphql.Type
		expected bool
	}
	tests := []Test{
		Test{graphql.Int, true},
		Test{objectType, true},
		Test{interfaceType, true},
		Test{unionType, true},
		Test{enumType, true},
		Test{inputObjectType, false},
	}
	for _, test := range tests {
		ttypeStr := fmt.Sprintf("%v", test.ttype)
		if graphql.IsOutputType(test.ttype) != test.expected {
			t.Fatalf(`expected %v , got: %v`, test.expected, ttypeStr)
		}
		if graphql.IsOutputType(graphql.NewList(test.ttype)) != test.expected {
			t.Fatalf(`expected %v , got: %v`, test.expected, ttypeStr)
		}
		if graphql.IsOutputType(graphql.NewNonNull(test.ttype)) != test.expected {
			t.Fatalf(`expected %v , got: %v`, test.expected, ttypeStr)
		}
	}
}

// Describe [T!]! Array<T>
func TestLists_NonNullListOfNonNullObjects_ContainsValues(t *testing.T) {
	ttype := graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.NewList(graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.Int)))
	data := []interface{}{
		1, 2,
	}
	expected := &graphql.Result{
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"nest": map[string]interface{}{
				"test": []interface{}{
					1, 2,
				},
			},
		},
	}
	checkList(t, ttype, data, expected)
}

func TestLists_NullableListOfNonNullObjects_ContainsNull(t *testing.T) {
	ttype := graphql.NewList(graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.Int))
	data := []interface{}{
		1, nil, 2,
	}
	expected := &graphql.Result{
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"nest": map[string]interface{}{
				"test": nil,
			},
		},
		Errors: []gqlerrors.FormattedError{
			gqlerrors.FormattedError{
				Message: "Cannot return null for non-nullable field DataType.test.",
				Locations: []location.SourceLocation{
					location.SourceLocation{
						Line:   1,
						Column: 10,
					},
				},
			},
		},
	}
	checkList(t, ttype, data, expected)
}

func TestTypeSystem_NonNullMustAcceptGraphQLTypes_AcceptsAnTypeAsNullableTypeOfNonNull(t *testing.T) {
	nullableTypes := []graphql.Type{
		graphql.String,
		someScalarType,
		someObjectType,
		someUnionType,
		someInterfaceType,
		someEnumType,
		someInputObject,
		graphql.NewList(graphql.String),
		graphql.NewList(graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.String)),
	}
	for _, ttype := range nullableTypes {
		result := graphql.NewNonNull(ttype)
		if result.GetError() != nil {
			t.Fatalf(`unexpected error: %v for type "%v"`, result.GetError(), ttype)
		}
	}
}

// Describe [T!]! Func()Array<T> // equivalent to Promise<Array<T>>
func TestLists_NonNullListOfNonNullFunc_ContainsValues(t *testing.T) {
	ttype := graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.NewList(graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.Int)))

	// `data` is a function that return values
	// Note that its uses the expected signature `func() interface{} {...}`
	data := func() interface{} {
		return []interface{}{
			1, 2,
		}
	}
	expected := &graphql.Result{
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"nest": map[string]interface{}{
				"test": []interface{}{
					1, 2,
				},
			},
		},
	}
	checkList(t, ttype, data, expected)
}

func TestLists_NullableListOfNonNullObjects_ReturnsNull(t *testing.T) {
	ttype := graphql.NewList(graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.Int))

	expected := &graphql.Result{
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"nest": map[string]interface{}{
				"test": nil,
			},
		},
	}
	checkList(t, ttype, nil, expected)
}

func init() {
	throwingData["nest"] = func() interface{} {
		return throwingData
	}
	throwingData["nonNullNest"] = func() interface{} {
		return throwingData
	}
	throwingData["promiseNest"] = func() interface{} {
		return throwingData
	}
	throwingData["nonNullPromiseNest"] = func() interface{} {
		return throwingData
	}

	nullingData["nest"] = func() interface{} {
		return nullingData
	}
	nullingData["nonNullNest"] = func() interface{} {
		return nullingData
	}
	nullingData["promiseNest"] = func() interface{} {
		return nullingData
	}
	nullingData["nonNullPromiseNest"] = func() interface{} {
		return nullingData
	}

	dataType.AddFieldConfig("nest", &graphql.FieldConfig{
		Type: dataType,
	})
	dataType.AddFieldConfig("nonNullNest", &graphql.FieldConfig{
		Type: graphql.NewNonNull(dataType),
	})
	dataType.AddFieldConfig("promiseNest", &graphql.FieldConfig{
		Type: dataType,
	})
	dataType.AddFieldConfig("nonNullPromiseNest", &graphql.FieldConfig{
		Type: graphql.NewNonNull(dataType),
	})
}

func init() {
	Luke = StarWarsChar{
		Id:         "1000",
		Name:       "Luke Skywalker",
		AppearsIn:  []int{4, 5, 6},
		HomePlanet: "Tatooine",
	}
	Vader = StarWarsChar{
		Id:         "1001",
		Name:       "Darth Vader",
		AppearsIn:  []int{4, 5, 6},
		HomePlanet: "Tatooine",
	}
	Han = StarWarsChar{
		Id:        "1002",
		Name:      "Han Solo",
		AppearsIn: []int{4, 5, 6},
	}
	Leia = StarWarsChar{
		Id:         "1003",
		Name:       "Leia Organa",
		AppearsIn:  []int{4, 5, 6},
		HomePlanet: "Alderaa",
	}
	Tarkin = StarWarsChar{
		Id:        "1004",
		Name:      "Wilhuff Tarkin",
		AppearsIn: []int{4},
	}
	Threepio = StarWarsChar{
		Id:              "2000",
		Name:            "C-3PO",
		AppearsIn:       []int{4, 5, 6},
		PrimaryFunction: "Protocol",
	}
	Artoo = StarWarsChar{
		Id:              "2001",
		Name:            "R2-D2",
		AppearsIn:       []int{4, 5, 6},
		PrimaryFunction: "Astromech",
	}
	Luke.Friends = append(Luke.Friends, []StarWarsChar{Han, Leia, Threepio, Artoo}...)
	Vader.Friends = append(Luke.Friends, []StarWarsChar{Tarkin}...)
	Han.Friends = append(Han.Friends, []StarWarsChar{Luke, Leia, Artoo}...)
	Leia.Friends = append(Leia.Friends, []StarWarsChar{Luke, Han, Threepio, Artoo}...)
	Tarkin.Friends = append(Tarkin.Friends, []StarWarsChar{Vader}...)
	Threepio.Friends = append(Threepio.Friends, []StarWarsChar{Luke, Han, Leia, Artoo}...)
	Artoo.Friends = append(Artoo.Friends, []StarWarsChar{Luke, Han, Leia}...)
	HumanData = map[int]StarWarsChar{
		1000: Luke,
		1001: Vader,
		1002: Han,
		1003: Leia,
		1004: Tarkin,
	}
	DroidData = map[int]StarWarsChar{
		2000: Threepio,
		2001: Artoo,
	}

	episodeEnum := graphql.NewEnum(graphql.EnumConfig{
		Name:        "Episode",
		Description: "One of the films in the Star Wars Trilogy",
		Values: graphql.EnumValueConfigMap{
			"NEWHOPE": &graphql.EnumValueConfig{
				Value:       4,
				Description: "Released in 1977.",
			},
			"EMPIRE": &graphql.EnumValueConfig{
				Value:       5,
				Description: "Released in 1980.",
			},
			"JEDI": &graphql.EnumValueConfig{
				Value:       6,
				Description: "Released in 1983.",
			},
		},
	})

	characterInterface := graphql.NewInterface(graphql.InterfaceConfig{
		Name:        "Character",
		Description: "A character in the Star Wars Trilogy",
		Fields: graphql.FieldConfigMap{
			"id": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type:        graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.String),
				Description: "The id of the character.",
			},
			"name": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type:        graphql.String,
				Description: "The name of the character.",
			},
			"appearsIn": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type:        graphql.NewList(episodeEnum),
				Description: "Which movies they appear in.",
			},
		},
		ResolveType: func(value interface{}, info graphql.ResolveInfo) *graphql.Object {
			if character, ok := value.(StarWarsChar); ok {
				id, _ := strconv.Atoi(character.Id)
				human := GetHuman(id)
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

func TestExecutesUsingAComplexSchema(t *testing.T) {

	johnSmith = &testAuthor{
		Id:   123,
		Name: "John Smith",
		Pic: func(width string, height string) *testPic {
			return getPic(123, width, height)
		},
		RecentArticle: article("1"),
	}

	blogImage := graphql.NewObject(graphql.ObjectConfig{
		Name: "Image",
		Fields: graphql.FieldConfigMap{
			"url": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: graphql.String,
			},
			"width": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: graphql.Int,
			},
			"height": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: graphql.Int,
			},
		},
	})
	blogAuthor := graphql.NewObject(graphql.ObjectConfig{
		Name: "Author",
		Fields: graphql.FieldConfigMap{
			"id": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: graphql.String,
			},
			"name": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: graphql.String,
			},
			"pic": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: blogImage,
				Args: graphql.FieldConfigArgument{
					"width": &graphql.ArgumentConfig{
						Type: graphql.Int,
					},
					"height": &graphql.ArgumentConfig{
						Type: graphql.Int,
					},
				},
				Resolve: func(p graphql.GQLFRParams) interface{} {
					if author, ok := p.Source.(*testAuthor); ok {
						width := fmt.Sprintf("%v", p.Args["width"])
						height := fmt.Sprintf("%v", p.Args["height"])
						return author.Pic(width, height)
					}
					return nil
				},
			},
			"recentArticle": &graphql.FieldConfig{},
		},
	})
	blogArticle := graphql.NewObject(graphql.ObjectConfig{
		Name: "Article",
		Fields: graphql.FieldConfigMap{
			"id": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.String),
			},
			"isPublished": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: graphql.Boolean,
			},
			"author": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: blogAuthor,
			},
			"title": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: graphql.String,
			},
			"body": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: graphql.String,
			},
			"keywords": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: graphql.NewList(graphql.String),
			},
		},
	})

	blogAuthor.AddFieldConfig("recentArticle", &graphql.FieldConfig{
		Type: blogArticle,
	})

	blogQuery := graphql.NewObject(graphql.ObjectConfig{
		Name: "Query",
		Fields: graphql.FieldConfigMap{
			"article": &graphql.FieldConfig{
				Type: blogArticle,
				Args: graphql.FieldConfigArgument{
					"id": &graphql.ArgumentConfig{
						Type: graphql.ID,
					},
				},
				Resolve: func(p graphql.GQLFRParams) interface{} {
					id := p.Args["id"]
					return article(id)
				},
			},
			"feed": &graphql.FieldConfig{
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

		}
		return nil
	},
})

var testInputObject *graphql.InputObject = graphql.NewInputObject(graphql.InputObjectConfig{
	Name: "TestInputObject",
	Fields: graphql.InputObjectConfigFieldMap{
		"a": &graphql.InputObjectFieldConfig{
			Type: graphql.String,
		},
		"b": &graphql.InputObjectFieldConfig{
			Type: graphql.NewList(graphql.String),
		},
		"c": &graphql.InputObjectFieldConfig{
			Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.String),
		},
		"d": &graphql.InputObjectFieldConfig{
			Type: testComplexScalar,
		},
	},
})

func inputResolved(p graphql.GQLFRParams) interface{} {
	input, ok := p.Args["input"]
	if !ok {
		return nil
	}
	b, err := json.Marshal(input)
	if err != nil {
		return nil