// golangFillQueryArguments populates the placeholder map with
// types and values from an array of Go values.
// TODO: This does not support arguments of the SQL 'Date' type, as there is not
// an equivalent type in Go's standard library. It's not currently needed by any
// of our internal tables.
func golangFillQueryArguments(pinfo *parser.PlaceholderInfo, args []interface{}) {
	pinfo.Clear()

	for i, arg := range args {
		k := fmt.Sprint(i + 1)
		if arg == nil {
			pinfo.SetValue(k, parser.DNull)
			continue
		}

		// A type switch to handle a few explicit types with special semantics:
		// - Datums are passed along as is.
		// - Time datatypes get special representation in the database.
		var d parser.Datum
		switch t := arg.(type) {
		case parser.Datum:
			d = t
		case time.Time:
			d = parser.MakeDTimestamp(t, time.Microsecond)
		case time.Duration:
			d = &parser.DInterval{Duration: duration.Duration{Nanos: t.Nanoseconds()}}
		case *inf.Dec:
			dd := &parser.DDecimal{}
			dd.Set(t)
			d = dd
		}
		if d == nil {
			// Handle all types which have an underlying type that can be stored in the
			// database.
			// Note: if this reflection becomes a performance concern in the future,
			// commonly used types could be added explicitly into the type switch above
			// for a performance gain.
			val := reflect.ValueOf(arg)
			switch val.Kind() {
			case reflect.Bool:
				d = parser.MakeDBool(parser.DBool(val.Bool()))
			case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
				d = parser.NewDInt(parser.DInt(val.Int()))
			case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
				d = parser.NewDInt(parser.DInt(val.Uint()))
			case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
				d = parser.NewDFloat(parser.DFloat(val.Float()))
			case reflect.String:
				d = parser.NewDString(val.String())
			case reflect.Slice:
				// Handle byte slices.
				if val.Type().Elem().Kind() == reflect.Uint8 {
					d = parser.NewDBytes(parser.DBytes(val.Bytes()))
				}
			}
			if d == nil {
				panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected type %T", arg))
			}
		}
		pinfo.SetValue(k, d)
	}
}

// DecodeTableValue decodes a value encoded by EncodeTableValue.
func DecodeTableValue(a *DatumAlloc, valType parser.Type, b []byte) (parser.Datum, []byte, error) {
	_, dataOffset, _, typ, err := encoding.DecodeValueTag(b)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, b, err
	}
	if typ == encoding.Null {
		return parser.DNull, b[dataOffset:], nil
	}
	switch valType {
	case parser.TypeBool:
		var x bool
		b, x, err = encoding.DecodeBoolValue(b)
		// No need to chunk allocate DBool as MakeDBool returns either
		// parser.DBoolTrue or parser.DBoolFalse.
		return parser.MakeDBool(parser.DBool(x)), b, err
	case parser.TypeInt:
		var i int64
		b, i, err = encoding.DecodeIntValue(b)
		return a.NewDInt(parser.DInt(i)), b, err
	case parser.TypeFloat:
		var f float64
		b, f, err = encoding.DecodeFloatValue(b)
		return a.NewDFloat(parser.DFloat(f)), b, err
	case parser.TypeDecimal:
		var d *inf.Dec
		b, d, err = encoding.DecodeDecimalValue(b)
		dd := a.NewDDecimal(parser.DDecimal{})
		dd.Set(d)
		return dd, b, err
	case parser.TypeString:
		var data []byte
		b, data, err = encoding.DecodeBytesValue(b)
		return a.NewDString(parser.DString(data)), b, err
	case parser.TypeBytes:
		var data []byte
		b, data, err = encoding.DecodeBytesValue(b)
		return a.NewDBytes(parser.DBytes(data)), b, err
	case parser.TypeDate:
		var i int64
		b, i, err = encoding.DecodeIntValue(b)
		return a.NewDDate(parser.DDate(i)), b, err
	case parser.TypeTimestamp:
		var t time.Time
		b, t, err = encoding.DecodeTimeValue(b)
		return a.NewDTimestamp(parser.DTimestamp{Time: t}), b, err
	case parser.TypeTimestampTZ:
		var t time.Time
		b, t, err = encoding.DecodeTimeValue(b)
		return a.NewDTimestampTZ(parser.DTimestampTZ{Time: t}), b, err
	case parser.TypeInterval:
		var d duration.Duration
		b, d, err = encoding.DecodeDurationValue(b)
		return a.NewDInterval(parser.DInterval{Duration: d}), b, err
	default:
		return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("TODO(pmattis): decoded index value: %s", valType)
	}
}

func simplifyAndExpr(n *parser.AndExpr) (parser.TypedExpr, bool) {
	// a AND b AND c AND d -> [a, b, c, d]
	equivalent := true
	exprs := splitAndExpr(n, nil)
	for i := range exprs {
		var equiv bool
		exprs[i], equiv = simplifyExpr(exprs[i])
		if !equiv {
			equivalent = false
		}
		if isKnownFalseOrNull(exprs[i]) {
			return parser.MakeDBool(false), equivalent
		}
	}
	// Simplifying exprs might have transformed one of the elements into an AND
	// expression.
	texprs, exprs := exprs, nil
	for _, e := range texprs {
		exprs = splitAndExpr(e, exprs)
	}

	// Loop over the expressions looking for simplifications.
	//
	// TODO(pmattis): This is O(n^2) in the number of expressions. Could be
	// optimized by sorting the expressions based on the variables they contain.
outer:
	for i := len(exprs) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
		for j := i - 1; j >= 0; j-- {
			var equiv bool
			exprs[j], exprs[i], equiv = simplifyOneAndExpr(exprs[j], exprs[i])
			if !equiv {
				equivalent = false
			}
			if isKnownFalseOrNull(exprs[j]) {
				return exprs[j], equivalent
			}
			if isKnownTrue(exprs[i]) {
				exprs[i] = nil
			}
			if exprs[i] == nil {
				// We found a simplification. Strip off the expression that is now nil
				// and continue the outer loop.
				n := len(exprs) - 1
				exprs[i] = exprs[n]
				exprs = exprs[:n]
				continue outer
			}
		}
	}

	// Reform the AND expressions.
	return joinAndExprs(exprs), equivalent
}

// ShowColumns of a table.
// Privileges: Any privilege on table.
//   Notes: postgres does not have a SHOW COLUMNS statement.
//          mysql only returns columns you have privileges on.
func (p *planner) ShowColumns(n *parser.ShowColumns) (planNode, error) {
	tn, err := n.Table.NormalizeWithDatabaseName(p.session.Database)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	desc, err := p.mustGetTableDesc(tn)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if err := p.anyPrivilege(desc); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	columns := ResultColumns{
		{Name: "Field", Typ: parser.TypeString},
		{Name: "Type", Typ: parser.TypeString},
		{Name: "Null", Typ: parser.TypeBool},
		{Name: "Default", Typ: parser.TypeString},
	}
	return &delayedNode{
		p:       p,
		name:    "SHOW COLUMNS FROM " + tn.String(),
		columns: columns,
		constructor: func(p *planner) (planNode, error) {
			v := p.newContainerValuesNode(columns, 0)

			for i, col := range desc.Columns {
				defaultExpr := parser.DNull
				if e := desc.Columns[i].DefaultExpr; e != nil {
					defaultExpr = parser.NewDString(*e)
				}
				newRow := parser.DTuple{
					parser.NewDString(desc.Columns[i].Name),
					parser.NewDString(col.Type.SQLString()),
					parser.MakeDBool(parser.DBool(desc.Columns[i].Nullable)),
					defaultExpr,
				}
				if err := v.rows.AddRow(newRow); err != nil {
					v.rows.Close()
					return nil, err
				}
			}
			return v, nil
		},
	}, nil
}

// RandDatum generates a random Datum of the given type.
// If null is true, the datum can be DNull.
func RandDatum(rng *rand.Rand, typ ColumnType_Kind, null bool) parser.Datum {
	if null && rng.Intn(10) == 0 {
		return parser.DNull
	}
	switch typ {
	case ColumnType_BOOL:
		return parser.MakeDBool(rng.Intn(2) == 1)
	case ColumnType_INT:
		return parser.NewDInt(parser.DInt(rng.Int63()))
	case ColumnType_FLOAT:
		return parser.NewDFloat(parser.DFloat(rng.NormFloat64()))
	case ColumnType_DECIMAL:
		d := &parser.DDecimal{}
		d.Dec.SetScale(inf.Scale(rng.Intn(40) - 20))
		d.Dec.SetUnscaled(rng.Int63())
		return d
	case ColumnType_DATE:
		return parser.NewDDate(parser.DDate(rng.Intn(10000)))
	case ColumnType_TIMESTAMP:
		return &parser.DTimestamp{Time: time.Unix(rng.Int63n(1000000), rng.Int63n(1000000))}
	case ColumnType_INTERVAL:
		return &parser.DInterval{Duration: duration.Duration{Months: rng.Int63n(1000),
			Days:  rng.Int63n(1000),
			Nanos: rng.Int63n(1000000),
		}}
	case ColumnType_STRING:
		// Generate a random ASCII string.
		p := make([]byte, rng.Intn(10))
		for i := range p {
			p[i] = byte(1 + rng.Intn(127))
		}
		return parser.NewDString(string(p))
	case ColumnType_BYTES:
		p := make([]byte, rng.Intn(10))
		_, _ = rng.Read(p)
		return parser.NewDBytes(parser.DBytes(p))
	case ColumnType_TIMESTAMPTZ:
		return &parser.DTimestampTZ{Time: time.Unix(rng.Int63n(1000000), rng.Int63n(1000000))}
	case ColumnType_INT_ARRAY:
		// TODO(cuongdo): we don't support for persistence of arrays yet
		return parser.DNull
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid type %s", typ))
	}
}

// MakePrimaryIndexKey creates a key prefix that corresponds to a table row
// (in the primary index); it is intended for tests.
//
// The value types must match the primary key columns (or a prefix of them);
// supported types are: - Datum
//  - bool (converts to DBool)
//  - int (converts to DInt)
//  - string (converts to DString)
func MakePrimaryIndexKey(desc *TableDescriptor, vals ...interface{}) (roachpb.Key, error) {
	index := &desc.PrimaryIndex
	if len(vals) > len(index.ColumnIDs) {
		return nil, errors.Errorf("got %d values, PK has %d columns", len(vals), len(index.ColumnIDs))
	}
	datums := make([]parser.Datum, len(vals))
	for i, v := range vals {
		switch v := v.(type) {
		case bool:
			datums[i] = parser.MakeDBool(parser.DBool(v))
		case int:
			datums[i] = parser.NewDInt(parser.DInt(v))
		case string:
			datums[i] = parser.NewDString(v)
		case parser.Datum:
			datums[i] = v
		default:
			return nil, errors.Errorf("unexpected value type %T", v)
		}
		// Check that the value type matches.
		colID := index.ColumnIDs[i]
		for _, c := range desc.Columns {
			if c.ID == colID {
				if t := DatumTypeToColumnKind(datums[i].ResolvedType()); t != c.Type.Kind {
					return nil, errors.Errorf("column %d of type %s, got value of type %s", i, c.Type.Kind, t)
				}
				break
			}
		}
	}
	// Create the ColumnID to index in datums slice map needed by
	// MakeIndexKeyPrefix.
	colIDToRowIndex := make(map[ColumnID]int)
	for i := range vals {
		colIDToRowIndex[index.ColumnIDs[i]] = i
	}

	keyPrefix := MakeIndexKeyPrefix(desc, index.ID)
	key, _, err := EncodeIndexKey(desc, index, colIDToRowIndex, datums, keyPrefix)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return roachpb.Key(key), nil
}

// simplifyExpr transforms an expression such that it contains only expressions
// involving IndexedVars that can be used for index selection. If an expression is
// encountered that cannot be used for index selection (e.g. "func(val)") that
// part of the expression tree is considered to evaluate to true, possibly
// rendering the entire expression as true. Additionally, various
// normalizations are performed on comparison expressions. For example:
//
//   (a < 1 AND a < 2)  -> (a < 1)
//   (a < 1 AND a > 2)  -> false
//   (a > 1 OR a < 2)   -> true
//   (a > 1 OR func(b)) -> true
//
// Note that simplification is not normalization. Normalization as performed by
// parser.NormalizeExpr returns an expression that is equivalent to the
// original. Simplification can return an expression with parts of the
// expression tree stripped out.
//
// Returns false for equivalent if the resulting expression is not equivalent
// to the original. This occurs for expressions which are currently not handled
// by simplification.
func simplifyExpr(e parser.TypedExpr) (simplified parser.TypedExpr, equivalent bool) {
	if e == parser.DNull {
		return e, true
	}
	switch t := e.(type) {
	case *parser.NotExpr:
		return simplifyNotExpr(t)
	case *parser.AndExpr:
		return simplifyAndExpr(t)
	case *parser.OrExpr:
		return simplifyOrExpr(t)
	case *parser.ComparisonExpr:
		return simplifyComparisonExpr(t)
	case *parser.IndexedVar, *parser.DBool:
		return e, true
	}
	// We don't know how to simplify expressions that fall through to here, so
	// consider this part of the expression true.
	return parser.MakeDBool(true), false
}

func makePrefixRange(prefix parser.DString, datum parser.TypedExpr, complete bool) parser.TypedExpr {
	if complete {
		return parser.NewTypedComparisonExpr(
			parser.EQ,
			datum,
			&prefix,
		)
	}
	if len(prefix) == 0 {
		return parser.MakeDBool(true)
	}
	return parser.NewTypedAndExpr(
		parser.NewTypedComparisonExpr(
			parser.GE,
			datum,
			&prefix,
		),
		parser.NewTypedComparisonExpr(
			parser.LT,
			datum,
			parser.NewDString(string(roachpb.Key(prefix).PrefixEnd())),
		),
	)
}

	COLUMN_NAME STRING NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
	"COLLATION" STRING NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
	CARDINALITY INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
	DIRECTION STRING NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
	STORING BOOL NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE 
);`,
	populate: func(p *planner, addRow func(...parser.Datum) error) error {
		return forEachTableDesc(p,
			func(db *sqlbase.DatabaseDescriptor, table *sqlbase.TableDescriptor) error {
				appendRow := func(index *sqlbase.IndexDescriptor, colName string, sequence int,
					direction string, isStored bool) error {
					return addRow(
						defString,                                    // table_catalog
						parser.NewDString(db.GetName()),              // table_schema
						parser.NewDString(table.GetName()),           // table_name
						parser.MakeDBool(parser.DBool(index.Unique)), // non_unique
						parser.NewDString(db.GetName()),              // index_schema
						parser.NewDString(index.Name),                // index_name
						parser.NewDInt(parser.DInt(sequence)),        // seq_in_index
						parser.NewDString(colName),                   // column_name
						parser.DNull,                                 // collation
						parser.DNull,                                 // cardinality
						parser.NewDString(direction),                 // direction
						parser.MakeDBool(parser.DBool(isStored)),     // storing
					)
				}

				return forEachIndexInTable(table, func(index *sqlbase.IndexDescriptor) error {
					sequence := 1
					for i, col := range index.ColumnNames {
						// We add a row for each column of index.

func simplifyOneOrExpr(left, right parser.TypedExpr) (parser.TypedExpr, parser.TypedExpr, bool) {
	lcmp, ok := left.(*parser.ComparisonExpr)
	if !ok {
		return left, right, true
	}
	rcmp, ok := right.(*parser.ComparisonExpr)
	if !ok {
		return left, right, true
	}
	lcmpLeft, lcmpRight := lcmp.TypedLeft(), lcmp.TypedRight()
	rcmpLeft, rcmpRight := rcmp.TypedLeft(), rcmp.TypedRight()
	if !isDatum(lcmpRight) || !isDatum(rcmpRight) {
		return parser.MakeDBool(true), nil, false
	}
	if !varEqual(lcmpLeft, rcmpLeft) {
		return left, right, true
	}

	if lcmp.Operator == parser.IsNot || rcmp.Operator == parser.IsNot {
		switch lcmp.Operator {
		case parser.Is:
			if lcmpRight == parser.DNull && rcmpRight == parser.DNull {
				// a IS NULL OR a IS NOT NULL
				return parser.MakeDBool(true), nil, true
			}
		case parser.IsNot:
			if lcmpRight == parser.DNull {
				switch rcmp.Operator {
				case parser.Is:
					if rcmpRight == parser.DNull {
						// a IS NOT NULL OR a IS NULL
						return parser.MakeDBool(true), nil, true
					}
				case parser.IsNot:
					if rcmpRight == parser.DNull {
						// a IS NOT NULL OR a IS NOT NULL
						return left, nil, true
					}
				}
			}
		}
		return left, right, true
	}

	if lcmp.Operator == parser.In || rcmp.Operator == parser.In {
		left, right = simplifyOneOrInExpr(lcmp, rcmp)
		return left, right, true
	}

	if reflect.TypeOf(lcmpRight) != reflect.TypeOf(rcmpRight) {
		allowCmp := false
		switch lcmp.Operator {
		case parser.EQ, parser.NE, parser.GT, parser.GE, parser.LT, parser.LE:
			switch rcmp.Operator {
			case parser.EQ, parser.NE, parser.GT, parser.GE, parser.LT, parser.LE:
				// Break, permitting heterogeneous comparison.
				allowCmp = true
			}
		}
		if !allowCmp {
			// If the types of the left and right datums are different, no
			// simplification is possible.
			return left, right, true
		}
	}

	ldatum := lcmpRight.(parser.Datum)
	rdatum := rcmpRight.(parser.Datum)
	cmp := ldatum.Compare(rdatum)

	// Determine which expression to use when either expression (left or right)
	// is valid as a return value but their types are different. The reason
	// to prefer a comparison between a column value and a datum of the same
	// type is that it makes index constraint construction easier.
	either := lcmp
	if !ldatum.ResolvedType().Equal(rdatum.ResolvedType()) {
		switch ta := lcmpLeft.(type) {
		case *parser.IndexedVar:
			if ta.ResolvedType().Equal(rdatum.ResolvedType()) {
				either = rcmp
			}
		}
	}

	// TODO(pmattis): Figure out how to generate this logic.
	switch lcmp.Operator {
	case parser.EQ:
		switch rcmp.Operator {
		case parser.EQ:
			// a = x OR a = y
			if cmp == 0 {
				// x = y
				return either, nil, true
			} else if cmp == 1 {
				// x > y
				ldatum, rdatum = rdatum, ldatum
			}
			return parser.NewTypedComparisonExpr(
				parser.In,
				lcmpLeft,
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

//.........这里部分代码省略.........

	// pk holds the last values of the fetched primary keys
	var pk []driver.Value
	q := fmt.Sprintf(bs, "")
	for {
		rows, err := conn.Query(q, pk)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		cols := rows.Columns()
		pkcols := cols[:len(index)]
		cols = cols[len(index):]
		inserts := make([][]string, 0, limit)
		i := 0
		for i < limit {
			vals := make([]driver.Value, len(cols)+len(pkcols))
			if err := rows.Next(vals); err == io.EOF {
				break
			} else if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if pk == nil {
				q = fmt.Sprintf(bs, wbuf.String())
			}
			pk = vals[:len(index)]
			vals = vals[len(index):]
			ivals := make([]string, len(vals))
			// Values need to be correctly encoded for INSERT statements in a text file.
			for si, sv := range vals {
				switch t := sv.(type) {
				case nil:
					ivals[si] = "NULL"
				case bool:
					ivals[si] = parser.MakeDBool(parser.DBool(t)).String()
				case int64:
					ivals[si] = parser.NewDInt(parser.DInt(t)).String()
				case float64:
					ivals[si] = parser.NewDFloat(parser.DFloat(t)).String()
				case string:
					ivals[si] = parser.NewDString(t).String()
				case []byte:
					switch ct := coltypes[cols[si]]; ct {
					case "INTERVAL":
						ivals[si] = fmt.Sprintf("'%s'", t)
					case "BYTES":
						ivals[si] = parser.NewDBytes(parser.DBytes(t)).String()
					default:
						// STRING and DECIMAL types can have optional length
						// suffixes, so only examine the prefix of the type.
						if strings.HasPrefix(coltypes[cols[si]], "STRING") {
							ivals[si] = parser.NewDString(string(t)).String()
						} else if strings.HasPrefix(coltypes[cols[si]], "DECIMAL") {
							ivals[si] = string(t)
						} else {
							panic(errors.Errorf("unknown []byte type: %s, %v: %s", t, cols[si], coltypes[cols[si]]))
						}
					}
				case time.Time:
					var d parser.Datum
					ct := coltypes[cols[si]]
					switch ct {
					case "DATE":
						d = parser.NewDDateFromTime(t, time.UTC)
					case "TIMESTAMP":
						d = parser.MakeDTimestamp(t, time.Nanosecond)
					case "TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE":

func simplifyComparisonExpr(n *parser.ComparisonExpr) (parser.TypedExpr, bool) {
	// NormalizeExpr will have left comparisons in the form "<var> <op>
	// <datum>" unless they could not be simplified further in which case
	// simplifyExpr cannot handle them. For example, "lower(a) = 'foo'"
	left, right := n.TypedLeft(), n.TypedRight()
	if isVar(left) && isDatum(right) {
		if right == parser.DNull {
			switch n.Operator {
			case parser.IsNotDistinctFrom:
				switch left.(type) {
				case *parser.IndexedVar:
					// Transform "a IS NOT DISTINCT FROM NULL" into "a IS NULL".
					return parser.NewTypedComparisonExpr(
						parser.Is,
						left,
						right,
					), true
				}
			case parser.IsDistinctFrom:
				switch left.(type) {
				case *parser.IndexedVar:
					// Transform "a IS DISTINCT FROM NULL" into "a IS NOT NULL".
					return parser.NewTypedComparisonExpr(
						parser.IsNot,
						left,
						right,
					), true
				}
			case parser.Is, parser.IsNot:
				switch left.(type) {
				case *parser.IndexedVar:
					// "a IS {,NOT} NULL" can be used during index selection to restrict
					// the range of scanned keys.
					return n, true
				}
			default:
				// All of the remaining comparison operators have the property that when
				// comparing to NULL they evaluate to NULL (see evalComparisonOp). NULL is
				// not the same as false, but in the context of a WHERE clause, NULL is
				// considered not-true which is the same as false.
				return parser.MakeDBool(false), true
			}
		}

		switch n.Operator {
		case parser.EQ:
			// Translate "(a, b) = (1, 2)" to "(a, b) IN ((1, 2))".
			switch left.(type) {
			case *parser.Tuple:
				return parser.NewTypedComparisonExpr(
					parser.In,
					left,
					&parser.DTuple{right.(parser.Datum)},
				), true
			}
			return n, true
		case parser.NE, parser.GE, parser.LE:
			return n, true
		case parser.GT:
			// This simplification is necessary so that subsequent transformation of
			// > constraint to >= can use Datum.Next without concern about whether a
			// next value exists. Note that if the variable (n.Left) is NULL, this
			// comparison would evaluate to NULL which is equivalent to false for a
			// boolean expression.
			if right.(parser.Datum).IsMax() {
				return parser.MakeDBool(false), true
			}
			return n, true
		case parser.LT:
			// Note that if the variable is NULL, this would evaluate to NULL which
			// would equivalent to false for a boolean expression.
			if right.(parser.Datum).IsMin() {
				return parser.MakeDBool(false), true
			}
			return n, true
		case parser.In, parser.NotIn:
			tuple := *right.(*parser.DTuple)
			if len(tuple) == 0 {
				return parser.MakeDBool(false), true
			}
			return n, true
		case parser.Like:
			// a LIKE 'foo%' -> a >= "foo" AND a < "fop"
			if d, ok := right.(*parser.DString); ok {
				if i := strings.IndexAny(string(*d), "_%"); i >= 0 {
					return makePrefixRange((*d)[:i], left, false), false
				}
				return makePrefixRange(*d, left, true), false
			}
			// TODO(pmattis): Support parser.DBytes?
		case parser.SimilarTo:
			// a SIMILAR TO "foo.*" -> a >= "foo" AND a < "fop"
			if d, ok := right.(*parser.DString); ok {
				pattern := parser.SimilarEscape(string(*d))
				if re, err := regexp.Compile(pattern); err == nil {
					prefix, complete := re.LiteralPrefix()
					return makePrefixRange(parser.DString(prefix), left, complete), false
				}
			}
			// TODO(pmattis): Support parser.DBytes?
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

func (s *subquery) doEval() (parser.Datum, error) {
	var result parser.Datum
	switch s.execMode {
	case execModeExists:
		// For EXISTS expressions, all we want to know is if there is at least one
		// result.
		next, err := s.plan.Next()
		s.plan.Close()
		if s.err = err; err != nil {
			return result, err
		}
		if next {
			result = parser.MakeDBool(true)
		}
		if result == nil {
			result = parser.MakeDBool(false)
		}

	case execModeAllRows:
		fallthrough
	case execModeAllRowsNormalized:
		var rows parser.DTuple
		next, err := s.plan.Next()
		for ; next; next, err = s.plan.Next() {
			values := s.plan.Values()
			switch len(values) {
			case 1:
				// This seems hokey, but if we don't do this then the subquery expands
				// to a tuple of tuples instead of a tuple of values and an expression
				// like "k IN (SELECT foo FROM bar)" will fail because we're comparing
				// a single value against a tuple.
				rows = append(rows, values[0])
			default:
				// The result from plan.Values() is only valid until the next call to
				// plan.Next(), so make a copy.
				valuesCopy := make(parser.DTuple, len(values))
				copy(valuesCopy, values)
				rows = append(rows, &valuesCopy)
			}
		}
		s.plan.Close()
		if s.err = err; err != nil {
			return result, err
		}
		if s.execMode == execModeAllRowsNormalized {
			rows.Normalize()
		}
		result = &rows

	case execModeOneRow:
		result = parser.DNull
		hasRow, err := s.plan.Next()
		if s.err = err; err != nil {
			s.plan.Close()
			return result, err
		}
		if !hasRow {
			s.plan.Close()
		} else {
			values := s.plan.Values()
			switch len(values) {
			case 1:
				result = values[0]
			default:
				valuesCopy := make(parser.DTuple, len(values))
				copy(valuesCopy, values)
				result = &valuesCopy
			}
			another, err := s.plan.Next()
			s.plan.Close()
			if s.err = err; err != nil {
				return result, err
			}
			if another {
				s.err = fmt.Errorf("more than one row returned by a subquery used as an expression")
				return result, s.err
			}
		}
	}

	return result, nil
}

				addColumn := func(column *sqlbase.ColumnDescriptor, attRelID parser.Datum, colNum int) error {
					colTyp := column.Type.ToDatumType()
					return addRow(
						attRelID,                            // attrelid
						parser.NewDString(column.Name),      // attname
						typOid(colTyp),                      // atttypid
						zeroVal,                             // attstattarget
						typLen(colTyp),                      // attlen
						parser.NewDInt(parser.DInt(colNum)), // attnum
						zeroVal,      // attndims
						negOneVal,    // attcacheoff
						negOneVal,    // atttypmod
						parser.DNull, // attbyval (see pg_type.typbyval)
						parser.DNull, // attstorage
						parser.DNull, // attalign
						parser.MakeDBool(parser.DBool(!column.Nullable)),          // attnotnull
						parser.MakeDBool(parser.DBool(column.DefaultExpr != nil)), // atthasdef
						parser.MakeDBool(false),                                   // attisdropped
						parser.MakeDBool(true),                                    // attislocal
						zeroVal,                                                   // attinhcount
						parser.DNull,                                              // attacl
						parser.DNull,                                              // attoptions
						parser.DNull,                                              // attfdwoptions
					)
				}

				// Columns for table.
				colNum := 0
				if err := forEachColumnInTable(table, func(column *sqlbase.ColumnDescriptor) error {
					colNum++
					tableID := h.TableOid(db, table)

// RandDatum generates a random Datum of the given type.
// If null is true, the datum can be DNull.
func RandDatum(rng *rand.Rand, typ ColumnType, null bool) parser.Datum {
	if null && rng.Intn(10) == 0 {
		return parser.DNull
	}
	switch typ.Kind {
	case ColumnType_BOOL:
		return parser.MakeDBool(rng.Intn(2) == 1)
	case ColumnType_INT:
		return parser.NewDInt(parser.DInt(rng.Int63()))
	case ColumnType_FLOAT:
		return parser.NewDFloat(parser.DFloat(rng.NormFloat64()))
	case ColumnType_DECIMAL:
		d := &parser.DDecimal{}
		d.Dec.SetScale(inf.Scale(rng.Intn(40) - 20))
		d.Dec.SetUnscaled(rng.Int63())
		return d
	case ColumnType_DATE:
		return parser.NewDDate(parser.DDate(rng.Intn(10000)))
	case ColumnType_TIMESTAMP:
		return &parser.DTimestamp{Time: time.Unix(rng.Int63n(1000000), rng.Int63n(1000000))}
	case ColumnType_INTERVAL:
		return &parser.DInterval{Duration: duration.Duration{Months: rng.Int63n(1000),
			Days:  rng.Int63n(1000),
			Nanos: rng.Int63n(1000000),
		}}
	case ColumnType_STRING:
		// Generate a random ASCII string.
		p := make([]byte, rng.Intn(10))
		for i := range p {
			p[i] = byte(1 + rng.Intn(127))
		}
		return parser.NewDString(string(p))
	case ColumnType_BYTES:
		p := make([]byte, rng.Intn(10))
		_, _ = rng.Read(p)
		return parser.NewDBytes(parser.DBytes(p))
	case ColumnType_TIMESTAMPTZ:
		return &parser.DTimestampTZ{Time: time.Unix(rng.Int63n(1000000), rng.Int63n(1000000))}
	case ColumnType_COLLATEDSTRING:
		if typ.Locale == nil {
			panic("locale is required for COLLATEDSTRING")
		}
		// Generate a random Unicode string.
		var buf bytes.Buffer
		n := rng.Intn(10)
		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
			var r rune
			for {
				r = rune(rng.Intn(unicode.MaxRune + 1))
				if !unicode.Is(unicode.C, r) {
					break
				}
			}
			buf.WriteRune(r)
		}
		return parser.NewDCollatedString(buf.String(), *typ.Locale, &parser.CollationEnvironment{})
	case ColumnType_INT_ARRAY:
		// TODO(cuongdo): we don't support for persistence of arrays yet
		return parser.DNull
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid type %s", typ.String()))
	}
}

func simplifyNotExpr(n *parser.NotExpr) (parser.TypedExpr, bool) {
	if n.Expr == parser.DNull {
		return parser.DNull, true
	}
	switch t := n.Expr.(type) {
	case *parser.ComparisonExpr:
		op := t.Operator
		switch op {
		case parser.EQ:
			op = parser.NE
		case parser.NE:
			op = parser.EQ
		case parser.GT:
			op = parser.LE
		case parser.GE:
			op = parser.LT
		case parser.LT:
			op = parser.GE
		case parser.LE:
			op = parser.GT
		case parser.In:
			op = parser.NotIn
		case parser.NotIn:
			op = parser.In
		case parser.Like:
			op = parser.NotLike
		case parser.NotLike:
			op = parser.Like
		case parser.ILike:
			op = parser.NotILike
		case parser.NotILike:
			op = parser.ILike
		case parser.SimilarTo:
			op = parser.NotSimilarTo
		case parser.NotSimilarTo:
			op = parser.SimilarTo
		case parser.RegMatch:
			op = parser.NotRegMatch
		case parser.RegIMatch:
			op = parser.NotRegIMatch
		default:
			return parser.MakeDBool(true), false
		}
		return simplifyExpr(parser.NewTypedComparisonExpr(
			op,
			t.TypedLeft(),
			t.TypedRight(),
		))

	case *parser.AndExpr:
		// De Morgan's Law: NOT (a AND b) -> (NOT a) OR (NOT b)
		return simplifyExpr(parser.NewTypedOrExpr(
			parser.NewTypedNotExpr(t.TypedLeft()),
			parser.NewTypedNotExpr(t.TypedRight()),
		))

	case *parser.OrExpr:
		// De Morgan's Law: NOT (a OR b) -> (NOT a) AND (NOT b)
		return simplifyExpr(parser.NewTypedAndExpr(
			parser.NewTypedNotExpr(t.TypedLeft()),
			parser.NewTypedNotExpr(t.TypedRight()),
		))
	}
	return parser.MakeDBool(true), false
}

func simplifyOneAndExpr(left, right parser.TypedExpr) (parser.TypedExpr, parser.TypedExpr, bool) {
	lcmp, ok := left.(*parser.ComparisonExpr)
	if !ok {
		return left, right, true
	}
	rcmp, ok := right.(*parser.ComparisonExpr)
	if !ok {
		return left, right, true
	}
	lcmpLeft, lcmpRight := lcmp.TypedLeft(), lcmp.TypedRight()
	rcmpLeft, rcmpRight := rcmp.TypedLeft(), rcmp.TypedRight()
	if !isDatum(lcmpRight) || !isDatum(rcmpRight) {
		return parser.MakeDBool(true), nil, false
	}
	if !varEqual(lcmpLeft, rcmpLeft) {
		return left, right, true
	}

	if lcmp.Operator == parser.IsNot || rcmp.Operator == parser.IsNot {
		switch lcmp.Operator {
		case parser.EQ, parser.GT, parser.GE, parser.LT, parser.LE, parser.In:
			if rcmpRight == parser.DNull {
				// a <cmp> x AND a IS NOT NULL
				return left, nil, true
			}
		case parser.Is:
			if lcmpRight == parser.DNull && rcmpRight == parser.DNull {
				// a IS NULL AND a IS NOT NULL
				return parser.MakeDBool(false), nil, true
			}
		case parser.IsNot:
			if lcmpRight == parser.DNull {
				switch rcmp.Operator {
				case parser.EQ, parser.GT, parser.GE, parser.LT, parser.LE, parser.In:
					// a IS NOT NULL AND a <cmp> x
					return right, nil, true
				case parser.Is:
					if rcmpRight == parser.DNull {
						// a IS NOT NULL AND a IS NULL
						return parser.MakeDBool(false), nil, true
					}
				case parser.IsNot:
					if rcmpRight == parser.DNull {
						// a IS NOT NULL AND a IS NOT NULL
						return left, nil, true
					}
				}
			}
		}
		return left, right, true
	}

	if lcmp.Operator == parser.In || rcmp.Operator == parser.In {
		left, right = simplifyOneAndInExpr(lcmp, rcmp)
		return left, right, true
	}

	if reflect.TypeOf(lcmpRight) != reflect.TypeOf(rcmpRight) {
		allowCmp := false
		switch lcmp.Operator {
		case parser.EQ, parser.NE, parser.GT, parser.GE, parser.LT, parser.LE:
			switch rcmp.Operator {
			case parser.EQ, parser.NE, parser.GT, parser.GE, parser.LT, parser.LE:
				// Break, permitting heterogeneous comparison.
				allowCmp = true
			}
		}
		if !allowCmp {
			if lcmp.Operator == parser.Is && lcmpRight == parser.DNull {
				// a IS NULL AND a <cmp> x
				return parser.MakeDBool(false), nil, true
			}
			if rcmp.Operator == parser.Is && rcmpRight == parser.DNull {
				// a <cmp> x AND a IS NULL
				return parser.MakeDBool(false), nil, true
			}
			// Note that "a IS NULL and a IS NULL" cannot happen here because
			// "reflect.TypeOf(NULL) == reflect.TypeOf(NULL)".
			return left, right, true
		}
	}

	ldatum := lcmpRight.(parser.Datum)
	rdatum := rcmpRight.(parser.Datum)
	cmp := ldatum.Compare(rdatum)

	// Determine which expression to use when either expression (left or right)
	// is valid as a return value but their types are different. The reason
	// to prefer a comparison between a column value and a datum of the same
	// type is that it makes index constraint construction easier.
	either := lcmp
	if !ldatum.ResolvedType().Equal(rdatum.ResolvedType()) {
		switch ta := lcmpLeft.(type) {
		case *parser.IndexedVar:
			if ta.ResolvedType().Equal(rdatum.ResolvedType()) {
				either = rcmp
			}
		}
	}

//.........这里部分代码省略.........

// decodeOidDatum decodes bytes with specified Oid and format code into
// a datum.
func decodeOidDatum(id oid.Oid, code formatCode, b []byte) (parser.Datum, error) {
	var d parser.Datum
	switch id {
	case oid.T_bool:
		switch code {
		case formatText:
			v, err := strconv.ParseBool(string(b))
			if err != nil {
				return d, err
			}
			d = parser.MakeDBool(parser.DBool(v))
		case formatBinary:
			switch b[0] {
			case 0:
				d = parser.MakeDBool(false)
			case 1:
				d = parser.MakeDBool(true)
			default:
				return d, errors.Errorf("unsupported binary bool: %q", b)
			}
		default:
			return d, errors.Errorf("unsupported bool format code: %d", code)
		}
	case oid.T_int2:
		switch code {
		case formatText:
			i, err := strconv.ParseInt(string(b), 10, 64)
			if err != nil {
				return d, err
			}
			d = parser.NewDInt(parser.DInt(i))
		case formatBinary:
			if len(b) < 2 {
				return d, errors.Errorf("int2 requires 2 bytes for binary format")
			}
			i := int16(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(b))
			d = parser.NewDInt(parser.DInt(i))
		default:
			return d, errors.Errorf("unsupported int2 format code: %d", code)
		}
	case oid.T_int4:
		switch code {
		case formatText:
			i, err := strconv.ParseInt(string(b), 10, 64)
			if err != nil {
				return d, err
			}
			d = parser.NewDInt(parser.DInt(i))
		case formatBinary:
			if len(b) < 4 {
				return d, errors.Errorf("int4 requires 4 bytes for binary format")
			}
			i := int32(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b))
			d = parser.NewDInt(parser.DInt(i))
		default:
			return d, errors.Errorf("unsupported int4 format code: %d", code)
		}
	case oid.T_int8:
		switch code {
		case formatText:
			i, err := strconv.ParseInt(string(b), 10, 64)
			if err != nil {
				return d, err
			}
			d = parser.NewDInt(parser.DInt(i))
		case formatBinary:
			if len(b) < 8 {
				return d, errors.Errorf("int8 requires 8 bytes for binary format")
			}
			i := int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b))
			d = parser.NewDInt(parser.DInt(i))
		default:
			return d, errors.Errorf("unsupported int8 format code: %d", code)
		}
	case oid.T_float4:
		switch code {
		case formatText:
			f, err := strconv.ParseFloat(string(b), 64)
			if err != nil {
				return d, err
			}
			d = parser.NewDFloat(parser.DFloat(f))
		case formatBinary:
			if len(b) < 4 {
				return d, errors.Errorf("float4 requires 4 bytes for binary format")
			}
			f := math.Float32frombits(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b))
			d = parser.NewDFloat(parser.DFloat(f))
		default:
			return d, errors.Errorf("unsupported float4 format code: %d", code)
		}
	case oid.T_float8:
		switch code {
		case formatText:
			f, err := strconv.ParseFloat(string(b), 64)
			if err != nil {
				return d, err
			}
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

func typByVal(typ parser.Type) parser.Datum {
	_, variable := typ.Size()
	return parser.MakeDBool(parser.DBool(!variable))
}

func simplifyOneAndInExpr(left, right *parser.ComparisonExpr) (parser.TypedExpr, parser.TypedExpr) {
	if left.Operator != parser.In && right.Operator != parser.In {
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("IN expression required: %s vs %s", left, right))
	}

	origLeft, origRight := left, right

	switch left.Operator {
	case parser.EQ, parser.NE, parser.GT, parser.GE, parser.LT, parser.LE, parser.Is:
		switch right.Operator {
		case parser.In:
			left, right = right, left
		}
		fallthrou