func testStore() (*Store, func(), error) {
	tmpDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "wtxmgr_test")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, func() {}, err
	}
	db, err := walletdb.Create("bdb", filepath.Join(tmpDir, "db"))
	if err != nil {
		teardown := func() {
			os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
		}
		return nil, teardown, err
	}
	teardown := func() {
		db.Close()
		os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
	}
	ns, err := db.Namespace([]byte("txstore"))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, teardown, err
	}
	err = Create(ns)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, teardown, err
	}
	s, err := Open(ns, &chaincfg.TestNetParams)
	return s, teardown, err
}

func testDB() (walletdb.DB, func(), error) {
	tmpDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "wtxmgr_test")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, func() {}, err
	}
	db, err := walletdb.Create("bdb", filepath.Join(tmpDir, "db"))
	return db, func() { os.RemoveAll(tmpDir) }, err
}

// createWatchingOnlyWallet
func createWatchingOnlyWallet(cfg *config) error {
	// Get the public key.
	reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
	pubKeyString, err := promptHDPublicKey(reader)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Ask if the user wants to encrypt the wallet with a password.
	pubPass, err := promptConsolePublicPass(reader, []byte{}, cfg)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	netDir := networkDir(cfg.DataDir, activeNet.Params)

	// Create the wallet.
	dbPath := filepath.Join(netDir, walletDbName)
	fmt.Println("Creating the wallet...")

	// Create the wallet database backed by bolt db.
	db, err := walletdb.Create("bdb", dbPath)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer db.Close()

	// Create the address manager.
	waddrmgrNamespace, err := db.Namespace(waddrmgrNamespaceKey)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	manager, err := waddrmgr.CreateWatchOnly(waddrmgrNamespace, pubKeyString,
		[]byte(pubPass), activeNet.Params, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer manager.Close()

	// Create the stake manager/store.
	wstakemgrNamespace, err := db.Namespace(wstakemgrNamespaceKey)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	stakeStore, err := wstakemgr.Create(wstakemgrNamespace, manager,
		activeNet.Params)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer stakeStore.Close()

	fmt.Println("The watching only wallet has been created successfully.")
	return nil
}

// TestInterface performs all interfaces tests for this database driver.
func TestInterface(t *testing.T) {
	// Create a new database to run tests against.
	dbPath := "interfacetest.db"
	db, err := walletdb.Create(dbType, dbPath)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("Failed to create test database (%s) %v", dbType, err)
		return
	}
	defer os.Remove(dbPath)
	defer db.Close()

	// Run all of the interface tests against the database.
	testInterface(t, db)
}

// CreateNewWallet creates a new wallet using the provided public and private
// passphrases.  The seed is optional.  If non-nil, addresses are derived from
// this seed.  If nil, a secure random seed is generated.
func (l *Loader) CreateNewWallet(pubPassphrase, privPassphrase, seed []byte) (*Wallet, error) {
	defer l.mu.Unlock()
	l.mu.Lock()

	if l.wallet != nil {
		return nil, ErrLoaded
	}

	dbPath := filepath.Join(l.dbDirPath, walletDbName)
	exists, err := fileExists(dbPath)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if exists {
		return nil, ErrExists
	}

	// Create the wallet database backed by bolt db.
	err = os.MkdirAll(l.dbDirPath, 0700)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	db, err := walletdb.Create("bdb", dbPath)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Initialize the newly created database for the wallet before opening.
	err = Create(db, pubPassphrase, privPassphrase, seed, l.chainParams,
		l.unsafeMainNet)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Open the newly-created wallet.
	so := l.stakeOptions
	w, err := Open(db, pubPassphrase, nil, so.VoteBits, so.VoteBitsExtended,
		so.StakeMiningEnabled, so.BalanceToMaintain, so.AddressReuse,
		so.RollbackTest, so.PruneTickets, so.TicketAddress, so.TicketMaxPrice,
		so.TicketBuyFreq, so.PoolAddress, so.PoolFees, so.TicketFee,
		l.addrIdxScanLen, so.StakePoolColdExtKey, l.autoRepair,
		l.allowHighFees, l.relayFee, l.chainParams)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	w.Start()

	l.onLoaded(w, db)
	return w, nil
}

// createDbNamespace creates a new wallet database at the provided path and
// returns it along with the address manager namespace.
func createDbNamespace(dbPath string) (walletdb.DB, walletdb.Namespace, error) {
	db, err := walletdb.Create("bdb", dbPath)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	namespace, err := db.Namespace(waddrmgrNamespaceKey)
	if err != nil {
		db.Close()
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	return db, namespace, nil
}

// exampleLoadDB is used in the examples to elide the setup code.
func exampleLoadDB() (walletdb.DB, func(), error) {
	dbName := fmt.Sprintf("exampleload%d.db", exampleNum)
	dbPath := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), dbName)
	db, err := walletdb.Create("bdb", dbPath)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	teardownFunc := func() {
		db.Close()
		os.Remove(dbPath)
	}
	exampleNum++

	return db, teardownFunc, err
}

func createWalletDB() (walletdb.DB, func(), error) {
	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "votingpool_example")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	db, err := walletdb.Create("bdb", filepath.Join(dir, "wallet.db"))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	dbTearDown := func() {
		db.Close()
		os.RemoveAll(dir)
	}
	return db, dbTearDown, nil
}

// createSimulationWallet is intended to be called from the rpcclient
// and used to create a wallet for actors involved in simulations.
func createSimulationWallet(cfg *config) error {
	// Simulation wallet password is 'password'.
	privPass := wallet.SimulationPassphrase

	// Public passphrase is the default.
	pubPass := []byte(wallet.InsecurePubPassphrase)

	// Generate a random seed.
	seed, err := hdkeychain.GenerateSeed(hdkeychain.RecommendedSeedLen)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	netDir := networkDir(cfg.AppDataDir, activeNet.Params)

	// Write the seed to disk, so that we can restore it later
	// if need be, for testing purposes.
	seedStr, err := pgpwordlist.ToStringChecksum(seed)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(netDir, "seed"), []byte(seedStr), 0644)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Create the wallet.
	dbPath := filepath.Join(netDir, walletDbName)
	fmt.Println("Creating the wallet...")

	// Create the wallet database backed by bolt db.
	db, err := walletdb.Create("bdb", dbPath)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer db.Close()

	// Create the wallet.
	err = wallet.Create(db, pubPass, privPass, seed, activeNet.Params, cfg.UnsafeMainNet)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	fmt.Println("The wallet has been created successfully.")
	return nil
}

func exampleCreateTxStore() (*wtxmgr.Store, func(), error) {
	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "pool_test_txstore")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	db, err := walletdb.Create("bdb", filepath.Join(dir, "txstore.db"))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	wtxmgrNamespace, err := db.Namespace([]byte("testtxstore"))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	s, err := wtxmgr.Create(wtxmgrNamespace, &chaincfg.SimNetParams)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	return s, func() { os.RemoveAll(dir) }, nil
}

func TstCreateTxStore(t *testing.T) (store *wtxmgr.Store, tearDown func()) {
	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "pool_test_txstore")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create txstore dir: %v", err)
	}
	db, err := walletdb.Create("bdb", filepath.Join(dir, "txstore.db"))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create walletdb: %v", err)
	}
	wtxmgrNamespace, err := db.Namespace([]byte("testtxstore"))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create walletdb namespace: %v", err)
	}
	s, err := wtxmgr.Create(wtxmgrNamespace, &chaincfg.TestNetParams)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create txstore: %v", err)
	}
	return s, func() { os.RemoveAll(dir) }
}

// TstCreatePool creates a Pool on a fresh walletdb and returns it. It also
// returns the pool's waddrmgr.Manager (which uses the same walletdb, but with a
// different namespace) as a convenience, and a teardown function that closes
// the Manager and removes the directory used to store the database.
func TstCreatePool(t *testing.T) (tearDownFunc func(), mgr *waddrmgr.Manager, pool *Pool) {
	// This should be moved somewhere else eventually as not all of our tests
	// call this function, but right now the only option would be to have the
	// t.Parallel() call in each of our tests.
	t.Parallel()

	// Create a new wallet DB and addr manager.
	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "pool_test")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create db dir: %v", err)
	}
	db, err := walletdb.Create("bdb", filepath.Join(dir, "wallet.db"))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create wallet DB: %v", err)
	}
	mgrNamespace, err := db.Namespace([]byte("waddrmgr"))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create addr manager DB namespace: %v", err)
	}
	var fastScrypt = &waddrmgr.ScryptOptions{N: 16, R: 8, P: 1}
	mgr, err = waddrmgr.Create(mgrNamespace, seed, pubPassphrase, privPassphrase,
		&chaincfg.TestNetParams, fastScrypt)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create addr manager: %v", err)
	}

	// Create a walletdb for votingpools.
	vpNamespace, err := db.Namespace([]byte("votingpool"))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create VotingPool DB namespace: %v", err)
	}
	pool, err = Create(vpNamespace, mgr, []byte{0x00})
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Voting Pool creation failed: %v", err)
	}
	tearDownFunc = func() {
		db.Close()
		mgr.Close()
		os.RemoveAll(dir)
	}
	return tearDownFunc, mgr, pool
}

// TestCreateOpenUnsupported ensures that attempting to create or open an
// unsupported database type is handled properly.
func TestCreateOpenUnsupported(t *testing.T) {
	// Ensure creating a database with an unsupported type fails with the
	// expected error.
	dbType := "unsupported"
	_, err := walletdb.Create(dbType)
	if err != walletdb.ErrDbUnknownType {
		t.Errorf("expected error not received - got: %v, want %v", err,
			walletdb.ErrDbUnknownType)
		return
	}

	// Ensure opening a database with the an unsupported type fails with the
	// expected error.
	_, err = walletdb.Open(dbType)
	if err != walletdb.ErrDbUnknownType {
		t.Errorf("expected error not received - got: %v, want %v", err,
			walletdb.ErrDbUnknownType)
		return
	}
}

// TestAddDuplicateDriver ensures that adding a duplicate driver does not
// overwrite an existing one.
func TestAddDuplicateDriver(t *testing.T) {
	supportedDrivers := walletdb.SupportedDrivers()
	if len(supportedDrivers) == 0 {
		t.Errorf("no backends to test")
		return
	}
	dbType := supportedDrivers[0]

	// bogusCreateDB is a function which acts as a bogus create and open
	// driver function and intentionally returns a failure that can be
	// detected if the interface allows a duplicate driver to overwrite an
	// existing one.
	bogusCreateDB := func(args ...interface{}) (walletdb.DB, error) {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("duplicate driver allowed for database "+
			"type [%v]", dbType)
	}

	// Create a driver that tries to replace an existing one.  Set its
	// create and open functions to a function that causes a test failure if
	// they are invoked.
	driver := walletdb.Driver{
		DbType: dbType,
		Create: bogusCreateDB,
		Open:   bogusCreateDB,
	}
	err := walletdb.RegisterDriver(driver)
	if err != walletdb.ErrDbTypeRegistered {
		t.Errorf("unexpected duplicate driver registration error - "+
			"got %v, want %v", err, walletdb.ErrDbTypeRegistered)
	}

	dbPath := "dupdrivertest.db"
	db, err := walletdb.Create(dbType, dbPath)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("failed to create database: %v", err)
		return
	}
	db.Close()
	_ = os.Remove(dbPath)

}

// newManager creates a new waddrmgr and imports the given privKey into it.
func newManager(t *testing.T, privKeys []string, bs *waddrmgr.BlockStamp) *waddrmgr.Manager {
	dbPath := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), "wallet.bin")
	os.Remove(dbPath)
	db, err := walletdb.Create("bdb", dbPath)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	namespace, err := db.Namespace(waddrmgrNamespaceKey)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	seed, err := hdkeychain.GenerateSeed(hdkeychain.RecommendedSeedLen)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	pubPassphrase := []byte("pub")
	privPassphrase := []byte("priv")
	mgr, err := waddrmgr.Create(namespace, seed, pubPassphrase,
		privPassphrase, &chaincfg.TestNetParams, fastScrypt)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	for _, key := range privKeys {
		wif, err := dcrutil.DecodeWIF(key)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatal(err)
		}
		if err = mgr.Unlock(privPassphrase); err != nil {
			t.Fatal(err)
		}
		_, err = mgr.ImportPrivateKey(wif, bs)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatal(err)
		}
	}
	return mgr
}

// createWatchingOnlyWallet creates a watching only wallet using the passed
// extended public key.
func createWatchingOnlyWallet(cfg *config) error {
	// Get the public key.
	reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
	pubKeyString, err := promptHDPublicKey(reader)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Ask if the user wants to encrypt the wallet with a password.
	pubPass, err := prompt.PublicPass(reader, []byte{},
		[]byte(wallet.InsecurePubPassphrase), []byte(cfg.WalletPass))
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	netDir := networkDir(cfg.AppDataDir, activeNet.Params)

	// Create the wallet.
	dbPath := filepath.Join(netDir, walletDbName)
	fmt.Println("Creating the wallet...")

	// Create the wallet database backed by bolt db.
	db, err := walletdb.Create("bdb", dbPath)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer db.Close()

	err = wallet.CreateWatchOnly(db, pubKeyString, pubPass, activeNet.Params)
	if err != nil {
		errOS := os.Remove(dbPath)
		if errOS != nil {
			fmt.Println(errOS)
		}
		return err
	}

	fmt.Println("The watching only wallet has been created successfully.")
	return nil
}

func setup() (db walletdb.DB, s *Store, teardown func(), err error) {
	tmpDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "wtxmgr_test")
	if err != nil {
		teardown = func() {}
		return
	}
	db, err = walletdb.Create("bdb", filepath.Join(tmpDir, "db"))
	if err != nil {
		teardown = func() {
			os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
		}
		return
	}
	teardown = func() {
		db.Close()
		os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
	}
	tx, err := db.BeginReadWriteTx()
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	defer tx.Commit()
	ns, err := tx.CreateTopLevelBucket(wtxmgrNamespaceKey)
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	_, err = tx.CreateTopLevelBucket(waddrmgrNamespaceKey)
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	err = Create(ns, &chaincfg.TestNetParams)
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	acctLookup := func(walletdb.ReadBucket, dcrutil.Address) (uint32, error) { return 0, nil }
	s, err = Open(ns, &chaincfg.TestNetParams, acctLookup)
	return
}

// TestCreateOpenFail ensures that errors which occur while opening or closing
// a database are handled properly.
func TestCreateOpenFail(t *testing.T) {
	// bogusCreateDB is a function which acts as a bogus create and open
	// driver function that intentionally returns a failure which can be
	// detected.
	dbType := "createopenfail"
	openError := fmt.Errorf("failed to create or open database for "+
		"database type [%v]", dbType)
	bogusCreateDB := func(args ...interface{}) (walletdb.DB, error) {
		return nil, openError
	}

	// Create and add driver that intentionally fails when created or opened
	// to ensure errors on database open and create are handled properly.
	driver := walletdb.Driver{
		DbType: dbType,
		Create: bogusCreateDB,
		Open:   bogusCreateDB,
	}
	walletdb.RegisterDriver(driver)

	// Ensure creating a database with the new type fails with the expected
	// error.
	_, err := walletdb.Create(dbType)
	if err != openError {
		t.Errorf("expected error not received - got: %v, want %v", err,
			openError)
		return
	}

	// Ensure opening a database with the new type fails with the expected
	// error.
	_, err = walletdb.Open(dbType)
	if err != openError {
		t.Errorf("expected error not received - got: %v, want %v", err,
			openError)
		return
	}
}

// This example demonstrates creating a new database.
func ExampleCreate() {
	// This example assumes the bdb (bolt db) driver is imported.
	//
	// import (
	// 	"github.com/btcsuite/btcwallet/walletdb"
	// 	_ "github.com/btcsuite/btcwallet/walletdb/bdb"
	// )

	// Create a database and schedule it to be closed and removed on exit.
	// Typically you wouldn't want to remove the database right away like
	// this, but it's done here in the example to ensure the example cleans
	// up after itself.
	dbPath := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), "examplecreate.db")
	db, err := walletdb.Create("bdb", dbPath)
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
		return
	}
	defer os.Remove(dbPath)
	defer db.Close()

	// Output:
}

// TestPersistence ensures that values stored are still valid after closing and
// reopening the database.
func TestPersistence(t *testing.T) {
	// Create a new database to run tests against.
	dbPath := "persistencetest.db"
	db, err := walletdb.Create(dbType, dbPath)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("Failed to create test database (%s) %v", dbType, err)
		return
	}
	defer os.Remove(dbPath)
	defer db.Close()

	// Create a namespace and put some values into it so they can be tested
	// for existence on re-open.
	storeValues := map[string]string{
		"ns1key1": "foo1",
		"ns1key2": "foo2",
		"ns1key3": "foo3",
	}
	ns1Key := []byte("ns1")
	ns1, err := db.Namespace(ns1Key)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("Namespace: unexpected error: %v", err)
		return
	}
	err = ns1.Update(func(tx walletdb.Tx) error {
		rootBucket := tx.RootBucket()
		if rootBucket == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("RootBucket: unexpected nil root bucket")
		}

		for k, v := range storeValues {
			if err := rootBucket.Put([]byte(k), []byte(v)); err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("Put: unexpected error: %v", err)
			}
		}

		return nil
	})
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("ns1 Update: unexpected error: %v", err)
		return
	}

	// Close and reopen the database to ensure the values persist.
	db.Close()
	db, err = walletdb.Open(dbType, dbPath)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("Failed to open test database (%s) %v", dbType, err)
		return
	}
	defer db.Close()

	// Ensure the values previously stored in the 3rd namespace still exist
	// and are correct.
	ns1, err = db.Namespace(ns1Key)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("Namespace: unexpected error: %v", err)
		return
	}
	err = ns1.View(func(tx walletdb.Tx) error {
		rootBucket := tx.RootBucket()
		if rootBucket == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("RootBucket: unexpected nil root bucket")
		}

		for k, v := range storeValues {
			gotVal := rootBucket.Get([]byte(k))
			if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotVal, []byte(v)) {
				return fmt.Errorf("Get: key '%s' does not "+
					"match expected value - got %s, want %s",
					k, gotVal, v)
			}
		}

		return nil
	})
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("ns1 View: unexpected error: %v", err)
		return
	}
}