func importchain(ctx *cli.Context) {
	if len(ctx.Args()) != 1 {
		utils.Fatalf("This command requires an argument.")
	}

	cfg := utils.MakeEthConfig(ClientIdentifier, Version, ctx)
	cfg.SkipBcVersionCheck = true

	ethereum, err := eth.New(cfg)
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("%v\n", err)
	}

	chainmgr := ethereum.ChainManager()
	start := time.Now()
	err = utils.ImportChain(chainmgr, ctx.Args().First())
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("Import error: %v\n", err)
	}

	// force database flush
	ethereum.BlockDb().Close()
	ethereum.StateDb().Close()
	ethereum.ExtraDb().Close()

	fmt.Printf("Import done in %v", time.Since(start))

	return
}

func getPassPhrase(ctx *cli.Context, desc string, confirmation bool) (passphrase string) {
	passfile := ctx.GlobalString(utils.PasswordFileFlag.Name)
	if len(passfile) == 0 {
		fmt.Println(desc)
		auth, err := utils.PromptPassword("Passphrase: ", true)
		if err != nil {
			utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
		}
		if confirmation {
			confirm, err := utils.PromptPassword("Repeat Passphrase: ", false)
			if err != nil {
				utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
			}
			if auth != confirm {
				utils.Fatalf("Passphrases did not match.")
			}
		}
		passphrase = auth

	} else {
		passbytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile(passfile)
		if err != nil {
			utils.Fatalf("Unable to read password file '%s': %v", passfile, err)
		}
		passphrase = string(passbytes)
	}
	return
}

func makedag(ctx *cli.Context) {
	utils.CheckLegalese(ctx.GlobalString(utils.DataDirFlag.Name))

	args := ctx.Args()
	wrongArgs := func() {
		utils.Fatalf(`Usage: geth makedag <block number> <outputdir>`)
	}
	switch {
	case len(args) == 2:
		blockNum, err := strconv.ParseUint(args[0], 0, 64)
		dir := args[1]
		if err != nil {
			wrongArgs()
		} else {
			dir = filepath.Clean(dir)
			// seems to require a trailing slash
			if !strings.HasSuffix(dir, "/") {
				dir = dir + "/"
			}
			_, err = ioutil.ReadDir(dir)
			if err != nil {
				utils.Fatalf("Can't find dir")
			}
			fmt.Println("making DAG, this could take awhile...")
			ethash.MakeDAG(blockNum, dir)
		}
	default:
		wrongArgs()
	}
}

func exportChain(ctx *cli.Context) {
	if len(ctx.Args()) < 1 {
		utils.Fatalf("This command requires an argument.")
	}
	chain, _ := utils.MakeChain(ctx)
	start := time.Now()

	var err error
	fp := ctx.Args().First()
	if len(ctx.Args()) < 3 {
		err = utils.ExportChain(chain, fp)
	} else {
		// This can be improved to allow for numbers larger than 9223372036854775807
		first, ferr := strconv.ParseInt(ctx.Args().Get(1), 10, 64)
		last, lerr := strconv.ParseInt(ctx.Args().Get(2), 10, 64)
		if ferr != nil || lerr != nil {
			utils.Fatalf("Export error in parsing parameters: block number not an integer\n")
		}
		if first < 0 || last < 0 {
			utils.Fatalf("Export error: block number must be greater than 0\n")
		}
		err = utils.ExportAppendChain(chain, fp, uint64(first), uint64(last))
	}

	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("Export error: %v\n", err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("Export done in %v", time.Since(start))
}

func NewEthereumApplication(ctx *cli.Context) *EthereumApplication {
	cfg := utils.MakeEthConfig(ClientIdentifier, nodeNameVersion, ctx)
	ethereum, err := eth.New(cfg)
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
	}

	stateDB, err := ethereum.BlockChain().State()
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
	}

	ethApp := &EthereumApplication{
		ethereum: ethereum,
		stateDB:  stateDB,
		client:   client.NewClientURI(fmt.Sprintf("http://%s", ctx.String(TendermintCoreHostFlag.Name))),
	}

	// NOTE: RPC/IPC should only be enabled on local nodes
	if !ctx.GlobalBool(utils.IPCDisabledFlag.Name) {
		if err := ethApp.StartIPC(ctx); err != nil {
			utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
		}
	}

	if ctx.GlobalBool(utils.RPCEnabledFlag.Name) {
		if err := ethApp.StartRPC(ctx); err != nil {
			utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
		}
	}
	return ethApp
}

// resolveMetrics takes a single of input metric pattern, and resolves it to one
// or more canonical metric names.
func resolveMetric(metrics map[string]interface{}, pattern string, path string) []string {
	results := []string{}

	// If a nested metric was requested, recurse optionally branching (via comma)
	parts := strings.SplitN(pattern, "/", 2)
	if len(parts) > 1 {
		for _, variation := range strings.Split(parts[0], ",") {
			if submetrics, ok := metrics[variation].(map[string]interface{}); !ok {
				utils.Fatalf("Failed to retrieve system metrics: %s", path+variation)
				return nil
			} else {
				results = append(results, resolveMetric(submetrics, parts[1], path+variation+"/")...)
			}
		}
		return results
	}
	// Depending what the last link is, return or expand
	for _, variation := range strings.Split(pattern, ",") {
		switch metric := metrics[variation].(type) {
		case float64:
			// Final metric value found, return as singleton
			results = append(results, path+variation)

		case map[string]interface{}:
			results = append(results, expandMetrics(metric, path+variation+"/")...)

		default:
			utils.Fatalf("Metric pattern resolved to unexpected type: %v", reflect.TypeOf(metric))
			return nil
		}
	}
	return results
}

func (js *jsre) newAccount(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
	arg := call.Argument(0)
	var passphrase string
	if arg.IsUndefined() {
		fmt.Println("The new account will be encrypted with a passphrase.")
		fmt.Println("Please enter a passphrase now.")
		auth, err := readPassword("Passphrase: ", true)
		if err != nil {
			utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
		}
		confirm, err := readPassword("Repeat Passphrase: ", false)
		if err != nil {
			utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
		}
		if auth != confirm {
			utils.Fatalf("Passphrases did not match.")
		}
		passphrase = auth
	} else {
		var err error
		passphrase, err = arg.ToString()
		if err != nil {
			fmt.Println(err)
			return otto.FalseValue()
		}
	}
	acct, err := js.ethereum.AccountManager().NewAccount(passphrase)
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Printf("Could not create the account: %v", err)
		return otto.UndefinedValue()
	}
	return js.re.ToVal("0x" + common.Bytes2Hex(acct.Address))
}

func startEth(ctx *cli.Context, eth *eth.Ethereum) {
	// Start Ethereum itself
	utils.StartEthereum(eth)
	am := eth.AccountManager()

	account := ctx.GlobalString(utils.UnlockedAccountFlag.Name)
	if len(account) > 0 {
		if account == "primary" {
			accbytes, err := am.Primary()
			if err != nil {
				utils.Fatalf("no primary account: %v", err)
			}
			account = common.ToHex(accbytes)
		}
		unlockAccount(ctx, am, account)
	}
	// Start auxiliary services if enabled.
	if ctx.GlobalBool(utils.RPCEnabledFlag.Name) {
		if err := utils.StartRPC(eth, ctx); err != nil {
			utils.Fatalf("Error starting RPC: %v", err)
		}
	}
	if ctx.GlobalBool(utils.MiningEnabledFlag.Name) {
		if err := eth.StartMining(); err != nil {
			utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
		}
	}
}

// startNode boots up the system node and all registered protocols, after which
// it unlocks any requested accounts, and starts the RPC/IPC interfaces and the
// miner.
func startNode(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node) {
	// Start up the node itself
	utils.StartNode(stack)

	// Unlock any account specifically requested
	var ethereum *eth.Ethereum
	if err := stack.Service(&ethereum); err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("ethereum service not running: %v", err)
	}
	accman := ethereum.AccountManager()
	passwords := utils.MakePasswordList(ctx)

	accounts := strings.Split(ctx.GlobalString(utils.UnlockedAccountFlag.Name), ",")
	for i, account := range accounts {
		if trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(account); trimmed != "" {
			unlockAccount(ctx, accman, trimmed, i, passwords)
		}
	}
	// Start auxiliary services if enabled
	if ctx.GlobalBool(utils.MiningEnabledFlag.Name) {
		if err := ethereum.StartMining(ctx.GlobalInt(utils.MinerThreadsFlag.Name), ctx.GlobalString(utils.MiningGPUFlag.Name)); err != nil {
			utils.Fatalf("Failed to start mining: %v", err)
		}
	}
}

func startEth(ctx *cli.Context, eth *eth.Ethereum) {
	// Start Ethereum itself
	utils.StartEthereum(eth)

	am := eth.AccountManager()
	account := ctx.GlobalString(utils.UnlockedAccountFlag.Name)
	accounts := strings.Split(account, " ")
	for i, account := range accounts {
		if len(account) > 0 {
			if account == "primary" {
				utils.Fatalf("the 'primary' keyword is deprecated. You can use integer indexes, but the indexes are not permanent, they can change if you add external keys, export your keys or copy your keystore to another node.")
			}
			unlockAccount(ctx, am, account, i)
		}
	}
	// Start auxiliary services if enabled.
	if !ctx.GlobalBool(utils.IPCDisabledFlag.Name) {
		if err := utils.StartIPC(eth, ctx); err != nil {
			utils.Fatalf("Error string IPC: %v", err)
		}
	}
	if ctx.GlobalBool(utils.RPCEnabledFlag.Name) {
		if err := utils.StartRPC(eth, ctx); err != nil {
			utils.Fatalf("Error starting RPC: %v", err)
		}
	}
	if ctx.GlobalBool(utils.MiningEnabledFlag.Name) {
		if err := eth.StartMining(ctx.GlobalInt(utils.MinerThreadsFlag.Name)); err != nil {
			utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
		}
	}
}

// tries unlocking the specified account a few times.
func unlockAccount(ctx *cli.Context, accman *accounts.Manager, address string, i int, passwords []string) (accounts.Account, string) {
	account, err := utils.MakeAddress(accman, address)
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("Could not list accounts: %v", err)
	}
	for trials := 0; trials < 3; trials++ {
		prompt := fmt.Sprintf("Unlocking account %s | Attempt %d/%d", address, trials+1, 3)
		password := getPassPhrase(prompt, false, i, passwords)
		err = accman.Unlock(account, password)
		if err == nil {
			glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("Unlocked account %x", account.Address)
			return account, password
		}
		if err, ok := err.(*accounts.AmbiguousAddrError); ok {
			glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("Unlocked account %x", account.Address)
			return ambiguousAddrRecovery(accman, err, password), password
		}
		if err != accounts.ErrDecrypt {
			// No need to prompt again if the error is not decryption-related.
			break
		}
	}
	// All trials expended to unlock account, bail out
	utils.Fatalf("Failed to unlock account %s (%v)", address, err)
	return accounts.Account{}, ""
}

// getPassPhrase retrieves the passwor associated with an account, either fetched
// from a list of preloaded passphrases, or requested interactively from the user.
func getPassPhrase(prompt string, confirmation bool, i int, passwords []string) string {
	// If a list of passwords was supplied, retrieve from them
	if len(passwords) > 0 {
		if i < len(passwords) {
			return passwords[i]
		}
		return passwords[len(passwords)-1]
	}
	// Otherwise prompt the user for the password
	if prompt != "" {
		fmt.Println(prompt)
	}
	password, err := console.Stdin.PromptPassword("Passphrase: ")
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("Failed to read passphrase: %v", err)
	}
	if confirmation {
		confirm, err := console.Stdin.PromptPassword("Repeat passphrase: ")
		if err != nil {
			utils.Fatalf("Failed to read passphrase confirmation: %v", err)
		}
		if password != confirm {
			utils.Fatalf("Passphrases do not match")
		}
	}
	return password
}

// console starts a new geth node, attaching a JavaScript console to it at the
// same time.
func console(ctx *cli.Context) {
	// Create and start the node based on the CLI flags
	node := utils.MakeSystemNode(clientIdentifier, verString, relConfig, makeDefaultExtra(), ctx)
	startNode(ctx, node)

	// Attach to the newly started node, and either execute script or become interactive
	client, err := node.Attach()
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("Failed to attach to the inproc geth: %v", err)
	}
	repl := newJSRE(node,
		ctx.GlobalString(utils.JSpathFlag.Name),
		ctx.GlobalString(utils.RPCCORSDomainFlag.Name),
		client, true)

	// preload user defined JS files into the console
	err = repl.preloadJSFiles(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
	}

	// in case the exec flag holds a JS statement execute it and return
	if script := ctx.GlobalString(utils.ExecFlag.Name); script != "" {
		repl.batch(script)
	} else {
		repl.welcome()
		repl.interactive()
	}
	node.Stop()
}

// execScripts starts a new geth node based on the CLI flags, and executes each
// of the JavaScript files specified as command arguments.
func execScripts(ctx *cli.Context) {
	// Create and start the node based on the CLI flags
	node := utils.MakeSystemNode(clientIdentifier, verString, relConfig, makeDefaultExtra(), ctx)
	startNode(ctx, node)
	defer node.Stop()

	// Attach to the newly started node and execute the given scripts
	client, err := node.Attach()
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("Failed to attach to the inproc geth: %v", err)
	}
	repl := newJSRE(node,
		ctx.GlobalString(utils.JSpathFlag.Name),
		ctx.GlobalString(utils.RPCCORSDomainFlag.Name),
		client, false)

	// Run all given files.
	for _, file := range ctx.Args() {
		if err = repl.re.Exec(file); err != nil {
			break
		}
	}
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("JavaScript Error: %v", jsErrorString(err))
	}
	// JS files loaded successfully.
	// Wait for pending callbacks, but stop for Ctrl-C.
	abort := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
	signal.Notify(abort, os.Interrupt)
	go func() {
		<-abort
		repl.re.Stop(false)
	}()
	repl.re.Stop(true)
}

// attach will connect to a running geth instance attaching a JavaScript console and to it.
func attach(ctx *cli.Context) {
	// attach to a running geth instance
	client, err := utils.NewRemoteRPCClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("Unable to attach to geth: %v", err)
	}

	repl := newLightweightJSRE(
		ctx.GlobalString(utils.JSpathFlag.Name),
		client,
		ctx.GlobalString(utils.DataDirFlag.Name),
		true,
	)

	// preload user defined JS files into the console
	err = repl.preloadJSFiles(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("unable to preload JS file %v", err)
	}

	// in case the exec flag holds a JS statement execute it and return
	if ctx.GlobalString(utils.ExecFlag.Name) != "" {
		repl.batch(ctx.GlobalString(utils.ExecFlag.Name))
	} else {
		repl.welcome()
		repl.interactive()
	}
}

// remoteConsole will connect to a remote geth instance, attaching a JavaScript
// console to it.
func remoteConsole(ctx *cli.Context) error {
	// Attach to a remotely running geth instance and start the JavaScript console
	client, err := utils.NewRemoteRPCClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("Unable to attach to remote geth: %v", err)
	}
	config := console.Config{
		DataDir: utils.MustMakeDataDir(ctx),
		DocRoot: ctx.GlobalString(utils.JSpathFlag.Name),
		Client:  client,
		Preload: utils.MakeConsolePreloads(ctx),
	}
	console, err := console.New(config)
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("Failed to start the JavaScript console: %v", err)
	}
	defer console.Stop(false)

	// If only a short execution was requested, evaluate and return
	if script := ctx.GlobalString(utils.ExecFlag.Name); script != "" {
		console.Evaluate(script)
		return nil
	}
	// Otherwise print the welcome screen and enter interactive mode
	console.Welcome()
	console.Interactive()

	return nil
}

// localConsole starts a new geth node, attaching a JavaScript console to it at the
// same time.
func localConsole(ctx *cli.Context) error {
	// Create and start the node based on the CLI flags
	node := utils.MakeSystemNode(clientIdentifier, verString, relConfig, makeDefaultExtra(), ctx)
	startNode(ctx, node)
	defer node.Stop()

	// Attach to the newly started node and start the JavaScript console
	client, err := node.Attach()
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("Failed to attach to the inproc geth: %v", err)
	}
	config := console.Config{
		DataDir: node.DataDir(),
		DocRoot: ctx.GlobalString(utils.JSpathFlag.Name),
		Client:  client,
		Preload: utils.MakeConsolePreloads(ctx),
	}
	console, err := console.New(config)
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("Failed to start the JavaScript console: %v", err)
	}
	defer console.Stop(false)

	// If only a short execution was requested, evaluate and return
	if script := ctx.GlobalString(utils.ExecFlag.Name); script != "" {
		console.Evaluate(script)
		return nil
	}
	// Otherwise print the welcome screen and enter interactive mode
	console.Welcome()
	console.Interactive()

	return nil
}

func upgradeDB(ctx *cli.Context) {
	glog.Infoln("Upgrading blockchain database")

	chain, chainDb := utils.MakeChain(ctx)
	v, _ := chainDb.Get([]byte("BlockchainVersion"))
	bcVersion := int(common.NewValue(v).Uint())
	if bcVersion == 0 {
		bcVersion = core.BlockChainVersion
	}

	// Export the current chain.
	filename := fmt.Sprintf("blockchain_%d_%s.chain", bcVersion, time.Now().Format("20060102_150405"))
	exportFile := filepath.Join(ctx.GlobalString(utils.DataDirFlag.Name), filename)
	if err := utils.ExportChain(chain, exportFile); err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("Unable to export chain for reimport %s", err)
	}
	chainDb.Close()
	os.RemoveAll(filepath.Join(ctx.GlobalString(utils.DataDirFlag.Name), "chaindata"))

	// Import the chain file.
	chain, chainDb = utils.MakeChain(ctx)
	chainDb.Put([]byte("BlockchainVersion"), common.NewValue(core.BlockChainVersion).Bytes())
	err := utils.ImportChain(chain, exportFile)
	chainDb.Close()
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("Import error %v (a backup is made in %s, use the import command to import it)", err, exportFile)
	} else {
		os.Remove(exportFile)
		glog.Infoln("Import finished")
	}
}

func runBlockTest(ctx *cli.Context) {
	var (
		file, testname string
		rpc            bool
	)
	args := ctx.Args()
	switch {
	case len(args) == 1:
		file = args[0]
	case len(args) == 2:
		file, testname = args[0], args[1]
	case len(args) == 3:
		file, testname = args[0], args[1]
		rpc = true
	default:
		utils.Fatalf(`Usage: ethereum blocktest <path-to-test-file> [ <test-name> [ "rpc" ] ]`)
	}
	bt, err := tests.LoadBlockTests(file)
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
	}

	// run all tests if no test name is specified
	if testname == "" {
		ecode := 0
		for name, test := range bt {
			fmt.Printf("----------------- Running Block Test %q\n", name)
			ethereum, err := runOneBlockTest(ctx, test)
			if err != nil {
				fmt.Println(err)
				fmt.Println("FAIL")
				ecode = 1
			}
			if ethereum != nil {
				ethereum.Stop()
				ethereum.WaitForShutdown()
			}
		}
		os.Exit(ecode)
		return
	}
	// otherwise, run the given test
	test, ok := bt[testname]
	if !ok {
		utils.Fatalf("Test file does not contain test named %q", testname)
	}
	ethereum, err := runOneBlockTest(ctx, test)
	if err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
	}
	defer ethereum.Stop()
	if rpc {
		fmt.Println("Block Test post state validated, starting RPC interface.")
		startEth(ctx, ethereum)
		utils.StartRPC(ethereum, ctx)
		ethereum.WaitForShutdown()
	}
}

// accountUpdate transitions an account from a previous format to the current
// one, also providing the possibility to change the pass-phrase.
func accountUpdate(ctx *cli.Context) {
	if len(ctx.Args()) == 0 {
		utils.Fatalf("No accounts specified to update")
	}
	accman := utils.MakeAccountManager(ctx)

	account, oldPassword := unlockAccount(ctx, accman, ctx.Args().First(), 0, nil)
	newPassword := getPassPhrase("Please give a new password. Do not forget this password.", true, 0, nil)
	if err := accman.Update(account, oldPassword, newPassword); err != nil {
		utils.Fatalf("Could not update the account: %v", err)
	}
}