func (c *compiler) makeInterface(v *LLVMValue, iface types.Type) *LLVMValue {
	llv := v.LLVMValue()
	lltyp := llv.Type()
	i8ptr := llvm.PointerType(llvm.Int8Type(), 0)
	if lltyp.TypeKind() == llvm.PointerTypeKind {
		llv = c.builder.CreateBitCast(llv, i8ptr, "")
	} else {
		// If the value fits exactly in a pointer, then we can just
		// bitcast it. Otherwise we need to malloc.
		if c.target.TypeStoreSize(lltyp) <= uint64(c.target.PointerSize()) {
			bits := c.target.TypeSizeInBits(lltyp)
			if bits > 0 {
				llv = coerce(c.builder, llv, llvm.IntType(int(bits)))
				llv = c.builder.CreateIntToPtr(llv, i8ptr, "")
			} else {
				llv = llvm.ConstNull(i8ptr)
			}
		} else {
			ptr := c.createTypeMalloc(lltyp)
			c.builder.CreateStore(llv, ptr)
			llv = c.builder.CreateBitCast(ptr, i8ptr, "")
		}
	}
	value := llvm.Undef(c.types.ToLLVM(iface))
	rtype := c.types.ToRuntime(v.Type())
	rtype = c.builder.CreateBitCast(rtype, llvm.PointerType(llvm.Int8Type(), 0), "")
	value = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(value, rtype, 0, "")
	value = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(value, llv, 1, "")
	if iface.Underlying().(*types.Interface).NumMethods() > 0 {
		result := c.NewValue(value, types.NewInterface(nil, nil))
		result, _ = result.convertE2I(iface)
		return result
	}
	return c.NewValue(value, iface)
}

func (c *compiler) createMainFunction() error {
	// In a PNaCl program (plugin), there should not be a "main.main";
	// instead, we expect a "main.CreateModule" function.
	// See pkg/nacl/ppapi/ppapi.go for more details.
	mainMain := c.module.NamedFunction("main.main")
	/*
		if c.pnacl {
			// PNaCl's libppapi_stub.a implements "main", which simply
			// calls through to PpapiPluginMain. We define our own "main"
			// so that we can capture argc/argv.
			if !mainMain.IsNil() {
				return fmt.Errorf("Found main.main")
			}
			pluginMain := c.RuntimeFunction("PpapiPluginMain", "func() int32")

			// Synthesise a main which has no return value. We could cast
			// PpapiPluginMain, but this is potentially unsafe as its
			// calling convention is unspecified.
			ftyp := llvm.FunctionType(llvm.VoidType(), nil, false)
			mainMain = llvm.AddFunction(c.module.Module, "main.main", ftyp)
			entry := llvm.AddBasicBlock(mainMain, "entry")
			c.builder.SetInsertPointAtEnd(entry)
			c.builder.CreateCall(pluginMain, nil, "")
			c.builder.CreateRetVoid()
		} else */{
		mainMain = c.module.NamedFunction("main.main")
	}

	if mainMain.IsNil() {
		return fmt.Errorf("Could not find main.main")
	}

	// runtime.main is called by main, with argc, argv, argp,
	// and a pointer to main.main, which must be a niladic
	// function with no result.
	runtimeMain := c.runtime.main.LLVMValue()

	ptrptr := llvm.PointerType(llvm.PointerType(llvm.Int8Type(), 0), 0)
	ftyp := llvm.FunctionType(llvm.Int32Type(), []llvm.Type{llvm.Int32Type(), ptrptr, ptrptr}, true)
	main := llvm.AddFunction(c.module.Module, "main", ftyp)

	c.builder.SetCurrentDebugLocation(c.debug.MDNode(nil))
	entry := llvm.AddBasicBlock(main, "entry")
	c.builder.SetInsertPointAtEnd(entry)
	runtimeMainParamTypes := runtimeMain.Type().ElementType().ParamTypes()
	args := []llvm.Value{
		main.Param(0), // argc
		main.Param(1), // argv
		main.Param(2), // argp
		c.builder.CreateBitCast(mainMain, runtimeMainParamTypes[3], ""),
	}
	result := c.builder.CreateCall(runtimeMain, args, "")
	c.builder.CreateRet(result)
	return nil
}

func (tm *llvmTypeMap) funcLLVMType(f *types.Signature, name string) llvm.Type {
	// If there's a receiver change the receiver to an
	// additional (first) parameter, and take the value of
	// the resulting signature instead.
	if recv := f.Recv(); recv != nil {
		params := f.Params()
		paramvars := make([]*types.Var, int(params.Len()+1))
		paramvars[0] = recv
		for i := 0; i < int(params.Len()); i++ {
			paramvars[i+1] = params.At(i)
		}
		params = types.NewTuple(paramvars...)
		f := types.NewSignature(nil, nil, params, f.Results(), f.Variadic())
		return tm.toLLVM(f, name)
	}

	if typ, ok := tm.types.At(f).(llvm.Type); ok {
		return typ
	}
	typ := llvm.GlobalContext().StructCreateNamed(name)
	tm.types.Set(f, typ)

	params := f.Params()
	param_types := make([]llvm.Type, params.Len())
	for i := range param_types {
		llvmtyp := tm.ToLLVM(params.At(i).Type())
		param_types[i] = llvmtyp
	}

	var return_type llvm.Type
	results := f.Results()
	switch nresults := int(results.Len()); nresults {
	case 0:
		return_type = llvm.VoidType()
	case 1:
		return_type = tm.ToLLVM(results.At(0).Type())
	default:
		elements := make([]llvm.Type, nresults)
		for i := range elements {
			result := results.At(i)
			elements[i] = tm.ToLLVM(result.Type())
		}
		return_type = llvm.StructType(elements, false)
	}

	fntyp := llvm.FunctionType(return_type, param_types, false)
	fnptrtyp := llvm.PointerType(fntyp, 0)
	i8ptr := llvm.PointerType(llvm.Int8Type(), 0)
	elements := []llvm.Type{fnptrtyp, i8ptr} // func, closure
	typ.StructSetBody(elements, false)
	return typ
}

func (tm *TypeMap) makeAlgorithmTable(t types.Type) llvm.Value {
	// TODO set these to actual functions.
	hashAlg := llvm.ConstNull(llvm.PointerType(tm.alg.hashAlgFunctionType, 0))
	printAlg := llvm.ConstNull(llvm.PointerType(tm.alg.printAlgFunctionType, 0))
	copyAlg := llvm.ConstNull(llvm.PointerType(tm.alg.copyAlgFunctionType, 0))
	equalAlg := tm.alg.eqalg(t)
	elems := []llvm.Value{
		AlgorithmHash:  hashAlg,
		AlgorithmEqual: equalAlg,
		AlgorithmPrint: printAlg,
		AlgorithmCopy:  copyAlg,
	}
	return llvm.ConstStruct(elems, false)
}

func (tm *TypeMap) makeRuntimeTypeGlobal(v llvm.Value, name string) (global, ptr llvm.Value) {
	global = llvm.AddGlobal(tm.module, v.Type(), typeSymbol(name))
	global.SetInitializer(v)
	global.SetLinkage(llvm.LinkOnceAnyLinkage)
	ptr = llvm.ConstBitCast(global, llvm.PointerType(tm.runtime.rtype.llvm, 0))
	return global, ptr
}

// interfaceMethod returns a function pointer for the specified
// interface and method pair.
func (c *compiler) interfaceMethod(iface *LLVMValue, method *types.Func) *LLVMValue {
	lliface := iface.LLVMValue()
	llitab := c.builder.CreateExtractValue(lliface, 0, "")
	llvalue := c.builder.CreateExtractValue(lliface, 1, "")
	sig := method.Type().(*types.Signature)
	methodset := c.types.MethodSet(sig.Recv().Type())
	// TODO(axw) cache ordered method index
	var index int
	for i := 0; i < methodset.Len(); i++ {
		if methodset.At(i).Obj() == method {
			index = i
			break
		}
	}
	llitab = c.builder.CreateBitCast(llitab, llvm.PointerType(c.runtime.itab.llvm, 0), "")
	llifn := c.builder.CreateGEP(llitab, []llvm.Value{
		llvm.ConstInt(llvm.Int32Type(), 0, false),
		llvm.ConstInt(llvm.Int32Type(), 5, false), // index of itab.fun
	}, "")
	_ = index
	llifn = c.builder.CreateGEP(llifn, []llvm.Value{
		llvm.ConstInt(llvm.Int32Type(), uint64(index), false),
	}, "")
	llifn = c.builder.CreateLoad(llifn, "")
	// Strip receiver.
	sig = types.NewSignature(nil, nil, sig.Params(), sig.Results(), sig.Variadic())
	llfn := llvm.Undef(c.types.ToLLVM(sig))
	llifn = c.builder.CreateIntToPtr(llifn, llfn.Type().StructElementTypes()[0], "")
	llfn = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(llfn, llifn, 0, "")
	llfn = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(llfn, llvalue, 1, "")
	return c.NewValue(llfn, sig)
}

func (tm *llvmTypeMap) basicLLVMType(b *types.Basic) llvm.Type {
	switch b.Kind() {
	case types.Bool:
		return llvm.Int1Type()
	case types.Int8, types.Uint8:
		return llvm.Int8Type()
	case types.Int16, types.Uint16:
		return llvm.Int16Type()
	case types.Int32, types.Uint32:
		return llvm.Int32Type()
	case types.Uint, types.Int:
		return tm.inttype
	case types.Int64, types.Uint64:
		return llvm.Int64Type()
	case types.Float32:
		return llvm.FloatType()
	case types.Float64:
		return llvm.DoubleType()
	case types.UnsafePointer, types.Uintptr:
		return tm.target.IntPtrType()
	case types.Complex64:
		f32 := llvm.FloatType()
		elements := []llvm.Type{f32, f32}
		return llvm.StructType(elements, false)
	case types.Complex128:
		f64 := llvm.DoubleType()
		elements := []llvm.Type{f64, f64}
		return llvm.StructType(elements, false)
	case types.String:
		i8ptr := llvm.PointerType(llvm.Int8Type(), 0)
		elements := []llvm.Type{i8ptr, tm.inttype}
		return llvm.StructType(elements, false)
	}
	panic(fmt.Sprint("unhandled kind: ", b.Kind))
}

func (tm *TypeMap) nameRuntimeType(n *types.Named) (global, ptr llvm.Value) {
	name := typeString(n)
	path := "runtime"
	if pkg := n.Obj().Pkg(); pkg != nil {
		path = pkg.Path()
	}
	if path != tm.pkgpath {
		// We're not compiling the package from whence the type came,
		// so we'll just create a pointer to it here.
		global := llvm.AddGlobal(tm.module, tm.runtime.rtype.llvm, typeSymbol(name))
		global.SetInitializer(llvm.ConstNull(tm.runtime.rtype.llvm))
		global.SetLinkage(llvm.CommonLinkage)
		return global, global
	}

	// If the underlying type is Basic, then we always create
	// a new global. Otherwise, we clone the value returned
	// from toRuntime in case it is cached and reused.
	underlying := n.Underlying()
	if basic, ok := underlying.(*types.Basic); ok {
		global, ptr = tm.basicRuntimeType(basic, true)
		global.SetName(typeSymbol(name))
	} else {
		global, ptr = tm.toRuntime(underlying)
		clone := llvm.AddGlobal(tm.module, global.Type().ElementType(), typeSymbol(name))
		clone.SetInitializer(global.Initializer())
		global = clone
		ptr = llvm.ConstBitCast(global, llvm.PointerType(tm.runtime.rtype.llvm, 0))
	}
	global.SetLinkage(llvm.ExternalLinkage)

	// Locate the rtype.
	underlyingRuntimeType := global.Initializer()
	rtype := underlyingRuntimeType
	if rtype.Type() != tm.runtime.rtype.llvm {
		rtype = llvm.ConstExtractValue(rtype, []uint32{0})
	}

	// Insert the uncommon type.
	uncommonTypeInit := tm.uncommonType(n, nil)
	uncommonType := llvm.AddGlobal(tm.module, uncommonTypeInit.Type(), "")
	uncommonType.SetInitializer(uncommonTypeInit)
	rtype = llvm.ConstInsertValue(rtype, uncommonType, []uint32{9})

	// Replace the rtype's string representation with the one from
	// uncommonType. XXX should we have the package name prepended? Probably.
	namePtr := llvm.ConstExtractValue(uncommonTypeInit, []uint32{0})
	rtype = llvm.ConstInsertValue(rtype, namePtr, []uint32{8})

	// Update the global's initialiser. Note that we take a copy
	// of the underlying type; we're not updating a shared type.
	if underlyingRuntimeType.Type() != tm.runtime.rtype.llvm {
		underlyingRuntimeType = llvm.ConstInsertValue(underlyingRuntimeType, rtype, []uint32{0})
	} else {
		underlyingRuntimeType = rtype
	}
	global.SetInitializer(underlyingRuntimeType)
	return global, ptr
}

// coerce yields a value of the the type specified, initialised
// to the exact bit pattern as in the specified value.
//
// Note: the value's type and the specified target type must have
// the same size. If the source is an aggregate, then the target
// must also be an aggregate with the same number of fields, each
// of which must have the same size.
func coerce(b llvm.Builder, v llvm.Value, t llvm.Type) llvm.Value {
	// FIXME don't do this with alloca
	switch t.TypeKind() {
	case llvm.ArrayTypeKind, llvm.StructTypeKind:
		ptr := b.CreateAlloca(t, "")
		ptrv := b.CreateBitCast(ptr, llvm.PointerType(v.Type(), 0), "")
		b.CreateStore(v, ptrv)
		return b.CreateLoad(ptr, "")
	}
	vt := v.Type()
	switch vt.TypeKind() {
	case llvm.ArrayTypeKind, llvm.StructTypeKind:
		ptr := b.CreateAlloca(vt, "")
		b.CreateStore(v, ptr)
		ptrt := b.CreateBitCast(ptr, llvm.PointerType(t, 0), "")
		return b.CreateLoad(ptrt, "")
	}
	return b.CreateBitCast(v, t, "")
}

func getPrintf(module llvm.Module) llvm.Value {
	printf := module.NamedFunction("printf")
	if printf.IsNil() {
		charPtr := llvm.PointerType(llvm.Int8Type(), 0)
		ftyp := llvm.FunctionType(llvm.Int32Type(), []llvm.Type{charPtr}, true)
		printf = llvm.AddFunction(module, "printf", ftyp)
		printf.SetFunctionCallConv(llvm.CCallConv)
	}
	return printf
}

func getFflush(module llvm.Module) llvm.Value {
	fflush := module.NamedFunction("fflush")
	if fflush.IsNil() {
		voidPtr := llvm.PointerType(llvm.Int8Type(), 0)
		ftyp := llvm.FunctionType(llvm.Int32Type(), []llvm.Type{voidPtr}, false)
		fflush = llvm.AddFunction(module, "fflush", ftyp)
		fflush.SetFunctionCallConv(llvm.CCallConv)
	}
	return fflush
}

// globalStringPtr returns a *string with the specified value.
func (tm *TypeMap) globalStringPtr(value string) llvm.Value {
	strval := llvm.ConstString(value, false)
	strglobal := llvm.AddGlobal(tm.module, strval.Type(), "")
	strglobal.SetInitializer(strval)
	strglobal = llvm.ConstBitCast(strglobal, llvm.PointerType(llvm.Int8Type(), 0))
	strlen := llvm.ConstInt(tm.inttype, uint64(len(value)), false)
	str := llvm.ConstStruct([]llvm.Value{strglobal, strlen}, false)
	g := llvm.AddGlobal(tm.module, str.Type(), "")
	g.SetInitializer(str)
	return g
}

func (tm *llvmTypeMap) sliceLLVMType(s *types.Slice, name string) llvm.Type {
	typ, ok := tm.types.At(s).(llvm.Type)
	if !ok {
		typ = llvm.GlobalContext().StructCreateNamed(name)
		tm.types.Set(s, typ)
		elements := []llvm.Type{
			llvm.PointerType(tm.ToLLVM(s.Elem()), 0),
			tm.inttype,
			tm.inttype,
		}
		typ.StructSetBody(elements, false)
	}
	return typ
}

func (tm *llvmTypeMap) interfaceLLVMType(i *types.Interface, name string) llvm.Type {
	if typ, ok := tm.types.At(i).(llvm.Type); ok {
		return typ
	}
	// interface{} is represented as {type, value},
	// and non-empty interfaces are represented as {itab, value}.
	i8ptr := llvm.PointerType(llvm.Int8Type(), 0)
	rtypeType := i8ptr
	valueType := i8ptr
	if name == "" {
		name = i.String()
	}
	typ := llvm.GlobalContext().StructCreateNamed(name)
	typ.StructSetBody([]llvm.Type{rtypeType, valueType}, false)
	return typ
}

// makeClosure creates a closure from a function pointer and
// a set of bindings. The bindings are addresses of captured
// variables.
func (c *compiler) makeClosure(fn *LLVMValue, bindings []*LLVMValue) *LLVMValue {
	types := make([]llvm.Type, len(bindings))
	for i, binding := range bindings {
		types[i] = c.types.ToLLVM(binding.Type())
	}
	block := c.createTypeMalloc(llvm.StructType(types, false))
	for i, binding := range bindings {
		addressPtr := c.builder.CreateStructGEP(block, i, "")
		c.builder.CreateStore(binding.LLVMValue(), addressPtr)
	}
	block = c.builder.CreateBitCast(block, llvm.PointerType(llvm.Int8Type(), 0), "")
	// fn is a raw function pointer; ToLLVM yields {*fn, *uint8}.
	closure := llvm.Undef(c.types.ToLLVM(fn.Type()))
	fnptr := c.builder.CreateBitCast(fn.LLVMValue(), closure.Type().StructElementTypes()[0], "")
	closure = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(closure, fnptr, 0, "")
	closure = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(closure, block, 1, "")
	return c.NewValue(closure, fn.Type())
}

func newAlgorithmMap(m llvm.Module, runtime *runtimeInterface, target llvm.TargetData) *algorithmMap {
	am := &algorithmMap{
		module:  m,
		runtime: runtime,
	}
	uintptrType := target.IntPtrType()
	voidPtrType := llvm.PointerType(llvm.Int8Type(), 0)
	boolType := llvm.Int1Type()
	params := []llvm.Type{uintptrType, voidPtrType}
	am.hashAlgFunctionType = llvm.FunctionType(uintptrType, params, false)
	params = []llvm.Type{uintptrType, uintptrType, uintptrType}
	am.equalAlgFunctionType = llvm.FunctionType(boolType, params, false)
	params = []llvm.Type{uintptrType, voidPtrType}
	am.printAlgFunctionType = llvm.FunctionType(llvm.VoidType(), params, false)
	params = []llvm.Type{uintptrType, voidPtrType, voidPtrType}
	am.copyAlgFunctionType = llvm.FunctionType(llvm.VoidType(), params, false)
	return am
}

// makeLiteralSlice allocates a new slice, storing in it the provided elements.
func (c *compiler) makeLiteralSlice(v []llvm.Value, elttyp types.Type) llvm.Value {
	n := llvm.ConstInt(c.types.inttype, uint64(len(v)), false)
	eltType := c.types.ToLLVM(elttyp)
	arrayType := llvm.ArrayType(eltType, len(v))
	mem := c.createMalloc(llvm.SizeOf(arrayType))
	mem = c.builder.CreateIntToPtr(mem, llvm.PointerType(eltType, 0), "")
	for i, value := range v {
		indices := []llvm.Value{llvm.ConstInt(llvm.Int32Type(), uint64(i), false)}
		ep := c.builder.CreateGEP(mem, indices, "")
		c.builder.CreateStore(value, ep)
	}
	slicetyp := types.NewSlice(elttyp)
	struct_ := llvm.Undef(c.types.ToLLVM(slicetyp))
	struct_ = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(struct_, mem, 0, "")
	struct_ = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(struct_, n, 1, "")
	struct_ = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(struct_, n, 2, "")
	return struct_
}

func (u *unit) resolveFunction(f *ssa.Function) *LLVMValue {
	if v, ok := u.globals[f]; ok {
		return v
	}
	name := f.String()
	if f.Enclosing != nil {
		// Anonymous functions are not guaranteed to
		// have unique identifiers at the global scope.
		name = f.Enclosing.String() + ":" + name
	}
	// It's possible that the function already exists in the module;
	// for example, if it's a runtime intrinsic that the compiler
	// has already referenced.
	llvmFunction := u.module.Module.NamedFunction(name)
	if llvmFunction.IsNil() {
		llvmType := u.llvmtypes.ToLLVM(f.Signature)
		llvmType = llvmType.StructElementTypes()[0].ElementType()
		if len(f.FreeVars) > 0 {
			// Add an implicit first argument.
			returnType := llvmType.ReturnType()
			paramTypes := llvmType.ParamTypes()
			vararg := llvmType.IsFunctionVarArg()
			blockElementTypes := make([]llvm.Type, len(f.FreeVars))
			for i, fv := range f.FreeVars {
				blockElementTypes[i] = u.llvmtypes.ToLLVM(fv.Type())
			}
			blockType := llvm.StructType(blockElementTypes, false)
			blockPtrType := llvm.PointerType(blockType, 0)
			paramTypes = append([]llvm.Type{blockPtrType}, paramTypes...)
			llvmType = llvm.FunctionType(returnType, paramTypes, vararg)
		}
		llvmFunction = llvm.AddFunction(u.module.Module, name, llvmType)
		if f.Enclosing != nil {
			llvmFunction.SetLinkage(llvm.PrivateLinkage)
		}
		u.undefinedFuncs[f] = true
	}
	v := u.NewValue(llvmFunction, f.Signature)
	u.globals[f] = v
	return v
}

func (c *compiler) getBoolString(v llvm.Value) llvm.Value {
	startBlock := c.builder.GetInsertBlock()
	resultBlock := llvm.InsertBasicBlock(startBlock, "")
	resultBlock.MoveAfter(startBlock)
	falseBlock := llvm.InsertBasicBlock(resultBlock, "")

	CharPtr := llvm.PointerType(llvm.Int8Type(), 0)
	falseString := c.builder.CreateGlobalStringPtr("false", "")
	falseString = c.builder.CreateBitCast(falseString, CharPtr, "")
	trueString := c.builder.CreateGlobalStringPtr("true", "")
	trueString = c.builder.CreateBitCast(trueString, CharPtr, "")

	c.builder.CreateCondBr(v, resultBlock, falseBlock)
	c.builder.SetInsertPointAtEnd(falseBlock)
	c.builder.CreateBr(resultBlock)
	c.builder.SetInsertPointAtEnd(resultBlock)
	result := c.builder.CreatePHI(CharPtr, "")
	result.AddIncoming([]llvm.Value{trueString, falseString},
		[]llvm.BasicBlock{startBlock, falseBlock})
	return result
}

// createCall emits the code for a function call,
// taking into account receivers, and panic/defer.
func (c *compiler) createCall(fn *LLVMValue, argValues []*LLVMValue) *LLVMValue {
	fntyp := fn.Type().Underlying().(*types.Signature)
	args := make([]llvm.Value, len(argValues))
	for i, arg := range argValues {
		args[i] = arg.LLVMValue()
	}

	var resultType types.Type
	switch results := fntyp.Results(); results.Len() {
	case 0: // no-op
	case 1:
		resultType = results.At(0).Type()
	default:
		resultType = results
	}

	// Builtins are represented as a raw function pointer.
	fnval := fn.LLVMValue()
	if fnval.Type().TypeKind() == llvm.PointerTypeKind {
		return c.NewValue(c.builder.CreateCall(fnval, args, ""), resultType)
	}

	// If context is constant null, then the function does
	// not need a context argument.
	fnptr := c.builder.CreateExtractValue(fnval, 0, "")
	context := c.builder.CreateExtractValue(fnval, 1, "")
	llfntyp := fnptr.Type().ElementType()
	paramTypes := llfntyp.ParamTypes()
	if context.IsNull() {
		return c.NewValue(c.builder.CreateCall(fnptr, args, ""), resultType)
	}
	llfntyp = llvm.FunctionType(
		llfntyp.ReturnType(),
		append([]llvm.Type{context.Type()}, paramTypes...),
		llfntyp.IsFunctionVarArg(),
	)
	fnptr = c.builder.CreateBitCast(fnptr, llvm.PointerType(llfntyp, 0), "")
	result := c.builder.CreateCall(fnptr, append([]llvm.Value{context}, args...), "")
	return c.NewValue(result, resultType)
}