func importSpaceV1(source map[string]interface{}) (*space, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"name":        schema.String(),
		"public":      schema.Bool(),
		"provider-id": schema.String(),
	}
	// Some values don't have to be there.
	defaults := schema.Defaults{
		"provider-id": "",
	}
	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, defaults)

	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "space v1 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	// From here we know that the map returned from the schema coercion
	// contains fields of the right type.

	return &space{
		Name_:       valid["name"].(string),
		Public_:     valid["public"].(bool),
		ProviderID_: valid["provider-id"].(string),
	}, nil
}

func importAgentToolsV1(source map[string]interface{}) (*agentTools, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"tools-version": schema.String(),
		"url":           schema.String(),
		"sha256":        schema.String(),
		"size":          schema.Int(),
	}
	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, nil) // no defaults

	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "agentTools v1 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	// From here we know that the map returned from the schema coercion
	// contains fields of the right type.

	verString := valid["tools-version"].(string)
	toolsVersion, err := version.ParseBinary(verString)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "agentTools tools-version")
	}

	return &agentTools{
		Version_:      1,
		ToolsVersion_: toolsVersion,
		URL_:          valid["url"].(string),
		SHA256_:       valid["sha256"].(string),
		Size_:         valid["size"].(int64),
	}, nil
}

func file_2_0(source map[string]interface{}) (*file, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"resource_uri":      schema.String(),
		"filename":          schema.String(),
		"anon_resource_uri": schema.String(),
		"content":           schema.String(),
	}
	defaults := schema.Defaults{
		"content": "",
	}
	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, defaults)
	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, WrapWithDeserializationError(err, "file 2.0 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	// From here we know that the map returned from the schema coercion
	// contains fields of the right type.

	anonURI, err := url.ParseRequestURI(valid["anon_resource_uri"].(string))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, NewUnexpectedError(err)
	}

	result := &file{
		resourceURI:  valid["resource_uri"].(string),
		filename:     valid["filename"].(string),
		anonymousURI: anonURI,
		content:      valid["content"].(string),
	}
	return result, nil
}

func importStatusV1(source map[string]interface{}) (StatusPoint_, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"value":   schema.String(),
		"message": schema.String(),
		"data":    schema.StringMap(schema.Any()),
		"updated": schema.Time(),
	}
	// Some values don't have to be there.
	defaults := schema.Defaults{
		"message": "",
		"data":    schema.Omit,
	}
	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, defaults)

	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return StatusPoint_{}, errors.Annotatef(err, "status v1 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	// From here we know that the map returned from the schema coercion
	// contains fields of the right type.

	var data map[string]interface{}
	if sourceData, set := valid["data"]; set {
		data = sourceData.(map[string]interface{})
	}
	return StatusPoint_{
		Value_:   valid["value"].(string),
		Message_: valid["message"].(string),
		Data_:    data,
		Updated_: valid["updated"].(time.Time),
	}, nil
}

func space_2_0(source map[string]interface{}) (*space, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"resource_uri": schema.String(),
		"id":           schema.ForceInt(),
		"name":         schema.String(),
		"subnets":      schema.List(schema.StringMap(schema.Any())),
	}
	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, nil) // no defaults
	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "space 2.0 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	// From here we know that the map returned from the schema coercion
	// contains fields of the right type.

	subnets, err := readSubnetList(valid["subnets"].([]interface{}), subnet_2_0)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Trace(err)
	}

	result := &space{
		resourceURI: valid["resource_uri"].(string),
		id:          valid["id"].(int),
		name:        valid["name"].(string),
		subnets:     subnets,
	}
	return result, nil
}

func importPayloadV1(source map[string]interface{}) (*payload, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"name":   schema.String(),
		"type":   schema.String(),
		"raw-id": schema.String(),
		"state":  schema.String(),
		"labels": schema.List(schema.String()),
	}
	// Some values don't have to be there.
	defaults := schema.Defaults{
		"labels": schema.Omit,
	}
	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, defaults)

	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "payload v1 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})

	return &payload{
		Name_:   valid["name"].(string),
		Type_:   valid["type"].(string),
		RawID_:  valid["raw-id"].(string),
		State_:  valid["state"].(string),
		Labels_: convertToStringSlice(valid["labels"]),
	}, nil
}

func importAddressV1(source map[string]interface{}) (*address, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"value":  schema.String(),
		"type":   schema.String(),
		"scope":  schema.String(),
		"origin": schema.String(),
	}
	// Some values don't have to be there.
	defaults := schema.Defaults{
		"scope":  "",
		"origin": "",
	}
	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, defaults)

	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "address v1 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	// From here we know that the map returned from the schema coercion
	// contains fields of the right type.

	return &address{
		Version: 1,
		Value_:  valid["value"].(string),
		Type_:   valid["type"].(string),
		Scope_:  valid["scope"].(string),
		Origin_: valid["origin"].(string),
	}, nil
}

func importVolumeAttachmentV1(source map[string]interface{}) (*volumeAttachment, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"machine-id":  schema.String(),
		"provisioned": schema.Bool(),
		"read-only":   schema.Bool(),
		"device-name": schema.String(),
		"device-link": schema.String(),
		"bus-address": schema.String(),
	}
	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, nil) // no defaults

	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "volumeAttachment v1 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	// From here we know that the map returned from the schema coercion
	// contains fields of the right type.

	result := &volumeAttachment{
		MachineID_:   valid["machine-id"].(string),
		Provisioned_: valid["provisioned"].(bool),
		ReadOnly_:    valid["read-only"].(bool),
		DeviceName_:  valid["device-name"].(string),
		DeviceLink_:  valid["device-link"].(string),
		BusAddress_:  valid["bus-address"].(string),
	}
	return result, nil
}

func importPortRangeV1(source map[string]interface{}) (*portRange, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"unit-name": schema.String(),
		"from-port": schema.Int(),
		"to-port":   schema.Int(),
		"protocol":  schema.String(),
	}

	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, nil) // no defaults

	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "port-range v1 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	// From here we know that the map returned from the schema coercion
	// contains fields of the right type.

	return &portRange{
		UnitName_: valid["unit-name"].(string),
		FromPort_: int(valid["from-port"].(int64)),
		ToPort_:   int(valid["to-port"].(int64)),
		Protocol_: valid["protocol"].(string),
	}, nil
}

func importStorageV1(source map[string]interface{}) (*storage, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"id":          schema.String(),
		"kind":        schema.String(),
		"owner":       schema.String(),
		"name":        schema.String(),
		"attachments": schema.List(schema.String()),
	}

	// Normally a list would have defaults, but in this case storage
	// should always have at least one attachment.
	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, nil) // no defaults

	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "storage v1 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	// From here we know that the map returned from the schema coercion
	// contains fields of the right type.
	result := &storage{
		ID_:          valid["id"].(string),
		Kind_:        valid["kind"].(string),
		Owner_:       valid["owner"].(string),
		Name_:        valid["name"].(string),
		Attachments_: convertToStringSlice(valid["attachments"]),
	}

	return result, nil
}

func importFilesystemAttachmentV1(source map[string]interface{}) (*filesystemAttachment, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"machine-id":  schema.String(),
		"provisioned": schema.Bool(),
		"read-only":   schema.Bool(),
		"mount-point": schema.String(),
	}
	defaults := schema.Defaults{
		"mount-point": "",
	}
	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, defaults)

	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "filesystemAttachment v1 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	// From here we know that the map returned from the schema coercion
	// contains fields of the right type.

	result := &filesystemAttachment{
		MachineID_:   valid["machine-id"].(string),
		Provisioned_: valid["provisioned"].(bool),
		ReadOnly_:    valid["read-only"].(bool),
		MountPoint_:  valid["mount-point"].(string),
	}
	return result, nil
}

func importConstraintsV1(source map[string]interface{}) (*constraints, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"architecture":  schema.String(),
		"container":     schema.String(),
		"cpu-cores":     schema.Uint(),
		"cpu-power":     schema.Uint(),
		"instance-type": schema.String(),
		"memory":        schema.Uint(),
		"root-disk":     schema.Uint(),

		"spaces": schema.List(schema.String()),
		"tags":   schema.List(schema.String()),
	}
	// Some values don't have to be there.
	defaults := schema.Defaults{
		"architecture":  "",
		"container":     "",
		"cpu-cores":     uint64(0),
		"cpu-power":     uint64(0),
		"instance-type": "",
		"memory":        uint64(0),
		"root-disk":     uint64(0),

		"spaces": schema.Omit,
		"tags":   schema.Omit,
	}
	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, defaults)

	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "constraints v1 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	// From here we know that the map returned from the schema coercion
	// contains fields of the right type.

	return &constraints{
		Version:       1,
		Architecture_: valid["architecture"].(string),
		Container_:    valid["container"].(string),
		CpuCores_:     valid["cpu-cores"].(uint64),
		CpuPower_:     valid["cpu-power"].(uint64),
		InstanceType_: valid["instance-type"].(string),
		Memory_:       valid["memory"].(uint64),
		RootDisk_:     valid["root-disk"].(uint64),

		Spaces_: convertToStringSlice(valid["spaces"]),
		Tags_:   convertToStringSlice(valid["tags"]),
	}, nil
}

func importActionV1(source map[string]interface{}) (*action, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"receiver":   schema.String(),
		"name":       schema.String(),
		"parameters": schema.StringMap(schema.Any()),
		"enqueued":   schema.Time(),
		"started":    schema.Time(),
		"completed":  schema.Time(),
		"status":     schema.String(),
		"message":    schema.String(),
		"results":    schema.StringMap(schema.Any()),
		"id":         schema.String(),
	}
	// Some values don't have to be there.
	defaults := schema.Defaults{
		"started":   time.Time{},
		"completed": time.Time{},
	}
	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, defaults)

	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "action v1 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	action := &action{
		Id_:         valid["id"].(string),
		Receiver_:   valid["receiver"].(string),
		Name_:       valid["name"].(string),
		Status_:     valid["status"].(string),
		Message_:    valid["message"].(string),
		Parameters_: valid["parameters"].(map[string]interface{}),
		Enqueued_:   valid["enqueued"].(time.Time).UTC(),
		Results_:    valid["results"].(map[string]interface{}),
	}

	started := valid["started"].(time.Time)
	if !started.IsZero() {
		started = started.UTC()
		action.Started_ = &started
	}
	completed := valid["completed"].(time.Time)
	if !started.IsZero() {
		completed = completed.UTC()
		action.Completed_ = &completed
	}
	return action, nil
}

func (s *S) TestStringified(c *gc.C) {
	s.sch = schema.Stringified()

	out, err := s.sch.Coerce(true, aPath)
	c.Assert(err, gc.IsNil)
	c.Check(out, gc.Equals, "true")

	out, err = s.sch.Coerce(10, aPath)
	c.Assert(err, gc.IsNil)
	c.Check(out, gc.Equals, "10")

	out, err = s.sch.Coerce(1.1, aPath)
	c.Assert(err, gc.IsNil)
	c.Check(out, gc.Equals, "1.1")

	out, err = s.sch.Coerce("spam", aPath)
	c.Assert(err, gc.IsNil)
	c.Check(out, gc.Equals, "spam")

	_, err = s.sch.Coerce(map[string]string{}, aPath)
	c.Check(err, gc.ErrorMatches, ".* unexpected value .*")

	_, err = s.sch.Coerce([]string{}, aPath)
	c.Check(err, gc.ErrorMatches, ".* unexpected value .*")

	s.sch = schema.Stringified(schema.StringMap(schema.String()))

	out, err = s.sch.Coerce(map[string]string{"a": "b"}, aPath)
	c.Assert(err, gc.IsNil)
	c.Check(out, gc.Equals, `map[string]string{"a":"b"}`)
}

func (c *controller) readAPIVersion(apiVersion version.Number) (set.Strings, version.Number, error) {
	parsed, err := c.get("version")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, apiVersion, errors.Trace(err)
	}

	// As we care about other fields, add them.
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"capabilities": schema.List(schema.String()),
	}
	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, nil) // no defaults
	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(parsed, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, apiVersion, WrapWithDeserializationError(err, "version response")
	}
	// For now, we don't append any subversion, but as it becomes used, we
	// should parse and check.

	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	// From here we know that the map returned from the schema coercion
	// contains fields of the right type.
	capabilities := set.NewStrings()
	capabilityValues := valid["capabilities"].([]interface{})
	for _, value := range capabilityValues {
		capabilities.Add(value.(string))
	}

	return capabilities, apiVersion, nil
}

func importOpenedPortsV1(source map[string]interface{}) (*openedPorts, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"subnet-id":    schema.String(),
		"opened-ports": schema.StringMap(schema.Any()),
	}

	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, nil) // no defaults

	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "opened-ports v1 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	// From here we know that the map returned from the schema coercion
	// contains fields of the right type.

	ports, err := importPortRanges(valid["opened-ports"].(map[string]interface{}))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Trace(err)
	}
	result := &openedPorts{
		SubnetID_: valid["subnet-id"].(string),
	}
	result.setOpenedPorts(ports)
	return result, nil
}

func importRelationV1(source map[string]interface{}) (*relation, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"id":        schema.Int(),
		"key":       schema.String(),
		"endpoints": schema.StringMap(schema.Any()),
	}

	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, nil) // no defaults

	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "relation v1 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	// From here we know that the map returned from the schema coercion
	// contains fields of the right type.
	result := &relation{
		Id_:  int(valid["id"].(int64)),
		Key_: valid["key"].(string),
	}

	endpoints, err := importEndpoints(valid["endpoints"].(map[string]interface{}))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Trace(err)
	}
	result.setEndpoints(endpoints)

	return result, nil
}

func (s *S) TestMap(c *gc.C) {
	s.sch = schema.Map(schema.String(), schema.Int())
	out, err := s.sch.Coerce(map[string]interface{}{"a": 1, "b": int8(2)}, aPath)
	c.Assert(err, gc.IsNil)
	c.Assert(out, gc.DeepEquals, map[interface{}]interface{}{"a": int64(1), "b": int64(2)})

	out, err = s.sch.Coerce(42, aPath)
	c.Assert(out, gc.IsNil)
	c.Assert(err, gc.ErrorMatches, "<path>: expected map, got int\\(42\\)")

	out, err = s.sch.Coerce(nil, aPath)
	c.Assert(out, gc.IsNil)
	c.Assert(err, gc.ErrorMatches, "<path>: expected map, got nothing")

	out, err = s.sch.Coerce(map[int]int{1: 1}, aPath)
	c.Assert(out, gc.IsNil)
	c.Assert(err, gc.ErrorMatches, "<path>: expected string, got int\\(1\\)")

	out, err = s.sch.Coerce(map[string]bool{"a": true}, aPath)
	c.Assert(out, gc.IsNil)
	c.Assert(err, gc.ErrorMatches, `<path>\.a: expected int, got bool\(true\)`)

	// First path entry shouldn't have dots in an error message.
	out, err = s.sch.Coerce(map[string]bool{"a": true}, nil)
	c.Assert(out, gc.IsNil)
	c.Assert(err, gc.ErrorMatches, `a: expected int, got bool\(true\)`)

	// Error should work even when path is nil.
	out, err = s.sch.Coerce(nil, nil)
	c.Assert(out, gc.IsNil)
	c.Assert(err, gc.ErrorMatches, `expected map, got nothing`)
}

func importCloudImageMetadataV1(source map[string]interface{}) (*cloudimagemetadata, error) {
	fields := schema.Fields{
		"stream":            schema.String(),
		"region":            schema.String(),
		"version":           schema.String(),
		"series":            schema.String(),
		"arch":              schema.String(),
		"virt-type":         schema.String(),
		"root-storage-type": schema.String(),
		"root-storage-size": schema.Uint(),
		"date-created":      schema.Int(),
		"source":            schema.String(),
		"priority":          schema.Int(),
		"image-id":          schema.String(),
	}
	// Some values don't have to be there.
	defaults := schema.Defaults{
		"root-storage-size": schema.Omit,
	}
	checker := schema.FieldMap(fields, defaults)

	coerced, err := checker.Coerce(source, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Annotatef(err, "cloudimagemetadata v1 schema check failed")
	}
	valid := coerced.(map[string]interface{})
	_, ok := valid["root-storage-size"]
	var pointerSize *uint64
	if ok {
		rootStorageSize := valid["root-storage-size"].(uint64)
		pointerSize = &rootStorageSize
	}

	cloudimagemetadata := &cloudimagemetadata{
		Stream_:          valid["stream"].(string),
		Region_:          valid["region"].(string),
		Version_:         valid["version"].(string),
		Series_:          valid["series"].(string),
		Arch_:            valid["arch"].(string),
		VirtType_:        valid["virt-type"].(string),
		RootStorageType_: valid["root-storage-type"].(string),
		RootStorageSize_: pointerSize,
		DateCreated_:     valid["date-created"].(int64),
		Source_:          valid["source"].(string),
		Priority_:        int(valid["priority"].(int64)),
		ImageId_:         valid["image-id"].(string),
	}

	return cloudimagemetadata, nil
}

func (s *ConfigSuite) TestValidateUnknownAttrs(c *gc.C) {
	s.addJujuFiles(c)
	cfg, err := config.New(config.UseDefaults, map[string]interface{}{
		"name":    "myenv",
		"type":    "other",
		"uuid":    testing.ModelTag.Id(),
		"known":   "this",
		"unknown": "that",
	})
	c.Assert(err, jc.ErrorIsNil)

	// No fields: all attrs passed through.
	attrs, err := cfg.ValidateUnknownAttrs(nil, nil)
	c.Assert(err, jc.ErrorIsNil)
	c.Assert(attrs, gc.DeepEquals, map[string]interface{}{
		"known":   "this",
		"unknown": "that",
	})

	// Valid field: that and other attrs passed through.
	fields := schema.Fields{"known": schema.String()}
	attrs, err = cfg.ValidateUnknownAttrs(fields, nil)
	c.Assert(err, jc.ErrorIsNil)
	c.Assert(attrs, gc.DeepEquals, map[string]interface{}{
		"known":   "this",
		"unknown": "that",
	})

	// Default field: inserted.
	fields["default"] = schema.String()
	defaults := schema.Defaults{"default": "the other"}
	attrs, err = cfg.ValidateUnknownAttrs(fields, defaults)
	c.Assert(err, jc.ErrorIsNil)
	c.Assert(attrs, gc.DeepEquals, map[string]interface{}{
		"known":   "this",
		"unknown": "that",
		"default": "the other",
	})

	// Invalid field: failure.
	fields["known"] = schema.Int()
	_, err = cfg.ValidateUnknownAttrs(fields, defaults)
	c.Assert(err, gc.ErrorMatches, `known: expected int, got string\("this"\)`)
}