sklearn例程:无监督学习可视化股票市场结构

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可视化股票市场结构简介

本示例采用了几种无监督学习技术，以从历史报价的变化中提取股票市场结构。

我们使用的数量是报价的每日变化：关联报价在一天中往往会一起波动。

下面是数据分析方法：

学习图结构

我们使用稀疏逆协方差估计来查找哪些报价跟其他报价条件相关。具体来说，稀疏逆协方差给出了一个图，即一个连接列表。在图中对于每个符号(Symbol)来说，它所连接的其他符号可以用来解释其波动。

聚类

我们使用聚类将表现相似的报价分组在一起。在scikit-learn中可用的各种聚类技术中，我们选用亲和力传播(Affinity Propagation)模型，因为它不强制要求大小相同的簇，并且可以从数据中自动选择簇数。

请注意，这给了我们与图不同的表示，因为图反映了变量之间的条件关系，而聚类反映了边际属性：聚类在一起的变量对整个股票市场具有相似的影响。

嵌入2D空间

出于可视化目的，我们需要在2D画布上布置不同的符号(Symbol)。为此，我们使用流形学习(Manifold learning )技术获取2D嵌入(Embedding)。

可视化

将3个模型的输出组合成2D图，其中节点表示股票符号(Symbol)：

聚类标记，用于定义节点的颜色
稀疏协方差模型，用于显示边的强度
2D嵌入，用于定位节点

此示例包含大量可视化相关的代码，挑战之一是如何放置标签以最大程度地减少重叠。为此，我们使用基于每个轴上最近邻居的方向的启发式方法。

代码实现[Python]


# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- 

# Author: Gael Varoquaux [email protected]
# License: BSD 3 clause

import sys

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.collections import LineCollection

import pandas as pd

from sklearn import cluster, covariance, manifold

print(__doc__)


# #############################################################################
# 从Internet上获取股票数据

# The data is from 2003 - 2008. This is reasonably calm: (not too long ago so
# that we get high-tech firms, and before the 2008 crash). This kind of
# historical data can be obtained for from APIs like the quandl.com and
# alphavantage.co ones.

symbol_dict = {
    'TOT': 'Total',
    'XOM': 'Exxon',
    'CVX': 'Chevron',
    'COP': 'ConocoPhillips',
    'VLO': 'Valero Energy',
    'MSFT': 'Microsoft',
    'IBM': 'IBM',
    'TWX': 'Time Warner',
    'CMCSA': 'Comcast',
    'CVC': 'Cablevision',
    'YHOO': 'Yahoo',
    'DELL': 'Dell',
    'HPQ': 'HP',
    'AMZN': 'Amazon',
    'TM': 'Toyota',
    'CAJ': 'Canon',
    'SNE': 'Sony',
    'F': 'Ford',
    'HMC': 'Honda',
    'NAV': 'Navistar',
    'NOC': 'Northrop Grumman',
    'BA': 'Boeing',
    'KO': 'Coca Cola',
    'MMM': '3M',
    'MCD': 'McDonald\'s',
    'PEP': 'Pepsi',
    'K': 'Kellogg',
    'UN': 'Unilever',
    'MAR': 'Marriott',
    'PG': 'Procter Gamble',
    'CL': 'Colgate-Palmolive',
    'GE': 'General Electrics',
    'WFC': 'Wells Fargo',
    'JPM': 'JPMorgan Chase',
    'AIG': 'AIG',
    'AXP': 'American express',
    'BAC': 'Bank of America',
    'GS': 'Goldman Sachs',
    'AAPL': 'Apple',
    'SAP': 'SAP',
    'CSCO': 'Cisco',
    'TXN': 'Texas Instruments',
    'XRX': 'Xerox',
    'WMT': 'Wal-Mart',
    'HD': 'Home Depot',
    'GSK': 'GlaxoSmithKline',
    'PFE': 'Pfizer',
    'SNY': 'Sanofi-Aventis',
    'NVS': 'Novartis',
    'KMB': 'Kimberly-Clark',
    'R': 'Ryder',
    'GD': 'General Dynamics',
    'RTN': 'Raytheon',
    'CVS': 'CVS',
    'CAT': 'Caterpillar',
    'DD': 'DuPont de Nemours'}


symbols, names = np.array(sorted(symbol_dict.items())).T

quotes = []

for symbol in symbols:
    print('Fetching quote history for %r' % symbol, file=sys.stderr)
    url = ('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/scikit-learn/examples-data/'
           'master/financial-data/{}.csv')
    quotes.append(pd.read_csv(url.format(symbol)))

close_prices = np.vstack([q['close'] for q in quotes])
open_prices = np.vstack([q['open'] for q in quotes])

# The daily variations of the quotes are what carry most information
variation = close_prices - open_prices


# #############################################################################
# 从相关性学习图结构
edge_model = covariance.GraphicalLassoCV(cv=5)

# standardize the time series: using correlations rather than covariance
# is more efficient for structure recovery
X = variation.copy().T
X /= X.std(axis=0)
edge_model.fit(X)

# #############################################################################
# 亲和力传播聚类

_, labels = cluster.affinity_propagation(edge_model.covariance_)
n_labels = labels.max()

for i in range(n_labels + 1):
    print('Cluster %i: %s' % ((i + 1), ', '.join(names[labels == i])))

# #############################################################################
# 计算低维embedding: find the best position of
# the nodes (the stocks) on a 2D plane

# We use a dense eigen_solver to achieve reproducibility (arpack is
# initiated with random vectors that we don't control). In addition, we
# use a large number of neighbors to capture the large-scale structure.
node_position_model = manifold.LocallyLinearEmbedding(
    n_components=2, eigen_solver='dense', n_neighbors=6)

embedding = node_position_model.fit_transform(X.T).T

# #############################################################################
# 可视化
plt.figure(1, facecolor='w', figsize=(10, 8))
plt.clf()
ax = plt.axes([0., 0., 1., 1.])
plt.axis('off')

# Display a graph of the partial correlations
partial_correlations = edge_model.precision_.copy()
d = 1 / np.sqrt(np.diag(partial_correlations))
partial_correlations *= d
partial_correlations *= d[:, np.newaxis]
non_zero = (np.abs(np.triu(partial_correlations, k=1)) > 0.02)

# Plot the nodes using the coordinates of our embedding
plt.scatter(embedding[0], embedding[1], s=100 * d ** 2, c=labels,
            cmap=plt.cm.nipy_spectral)

# Plot the edges
start_idx, end_idx = np.where(non_zero)
# a sequence of (*line0*, *line1*, *line2*), where::
#            linen = (x0, y0), (x1, y1), ... (xm, ym)
segments = [[embedding[:, start], embedding[:, stop]]
            for start, stop in zip(start_idx, end_idx)]
values = np.abs(partial_correlations[non_zero])
lc = LineCollection(segments,
                    zorder=0, cmap=plt.cm.hot_r,
                    norm=plt.Normalize(0, .7 * values.max()))
lc.set_array(values)
lc.set_linewidths(15 * values)
ax.add_collection(lc)

# Add a label to each node. The challenge here is that we want to
# position the labels to avoid overlap with other labels
for index, (name, label, (x, y)) in enumerate(
        zip(names, labels, embedding.T)):

    dx = x - embedding[0]
    dx[index] = 1
    dy = y - embedding[1]
    dy[index] = 1
    this_dx = dx[np.argmin(np.abs(dy))]
    this_dy = dy[np.argmin(np.abs(dx))]
    if this_dx > 0:
        horizontalalignment = 'left'
        x = x + .002
    else:
        horizontalalignment = 'right'
        x = x - .002
    if this_dy > 0:
        verticalalignment = 'bottom'
        y = y + .002
    else:
        verticalalignment = 'top'
        y = y - .002
    plt.text(x, y, name, size=10,
             horizontalalignment=horizontalalignment,
             verticalalignment=verticalalignment,
             bbox=dict(facecolor='w',
                       edgecolor=plt.cm.nipy_spectral(label / float(n_labels)),
                       alpha=.6))

plt.xlim(embedding[0].min() - .15 * embedding[0].ptp(),
         embedding[0].max() + .10 * embedding[0].ptp(),)
plt.ylim(embedding[1].min() - .03 * embedding[1].ptp(),
         embedding[1].max() + .03 * embedding[1].ptp())

plt.show()

代码执行

代码运行时间大约:0分4.857秒。
运行代码输出的文本内容如下:

Cluster 1: Apple, Amazon, Yahoo
Cluster 2: Comcast, Cablevision, Time Warner
Cluster 3: ConocoPhillips, Chevron, Total, Valero Energy, Exxon
Cluster 4: Cisco, Dell, HP, IBM, Microsoft, SAP, Texas Instruments
Cluster 5: Boeing, General Dynamics, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon
Cluster 6: AIG, American express, Bank of America, Caterpillar, CVS, DuPont de Nemours, Ford, General Electrics, Goldman Sachs, Home Depot, JPMorgan Chase, Marriott, 3M, Ryder, Wells Fargo, Wal-Mart
Cluster 7: McDonald's
Cluster 8: GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Unilever
Cluster 9: Kellogg, Coca Cola, Pepsi
Cluster 10: Colgate-Palmolive, Kimberly-Clark, Procter Gamble
Cluster 11: Canon, Honda, Navistar, Sony, Toyota, Xerox

运行代码输出的图片内容如下: