How about the PATINDEX function?
The pattern matching in TSQL is not a complete regex library, but it gives you the basics.
(From Books Online)
Wildcard Meaning
% Any string of zero or more characters.
_ Any single character.
[ ] Any single character within the specified range
(for example, [a-f]) or set (for example, [abcdef]).
[^] Any single character not within the specified range
(for example, [^a - f]) or set (for example, [^abcdef]).
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