Static Block in Java

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Answer 1

It's a static initializer. It's executed when the class is loaded (or initialized, to be precise, but you usually don't notice the difference).

It can be thought of as a "class constructor".

Note that there are also instance initializers, which look the same, except that they don't have the static keyword. Those are run in addition to the code in the constructor when a new instance of the object is created.